Research on solid-state thermoelectric generation technology utilizing aerodynamic heat at leading edge of hypersonic vehicles
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摘要:
针对高超声速飞行器气动热回收问题，对钝头体飞行器前缘固态温差发电技术展开了研究。构建高超声速钝头体与热电器件的多物理场耦合计算模型，模拟实际高空飞行环境中热电器件的输出情况。通过地面平台测试与风洞试验，验证模型计算的准确性，研究热电器件在不同环境下的输出性能。针对不同材料与结构的热电器件进行了对比研究。研究结果表明：热电器件能够有效地将飞行器表面气动热转化为电能；模拟实际高空飞行器中单个器件最大输出功率为1.21 W，单位面积的功率密度为
1344.44 W/m2；风洞试验相比地面平台测试更接近实际飞行环境，风洞试验中单个器件最大输出功率为0.5 W，最高效率为2.58%；不同温区的热电材料适合不同器件结构，需要合理设计布置以获取最佳输出性能。Abstract:Focusing on aerodynamic heat recovery challenges in hypersonic vehicles, the solid-state thermoelectric power generation technology at the leading edge for blunt-body vehicle architectures was investigated. A multi-physics computational model integrating hypersonic vehicles with thermoelectric generators was developed to simulate the electrical output characteristics under actual high-altitude flight conditions. The accuracy of the model was verified through ground platform tests and wind tunnel tests, while the output performance of thermoelectric generators under different environmental conditions was systematically examined. Comparative studies were conducted on thermoelectric devices with various materials and configurations. The results revealed that the thermoelectric generators effectively converted aerodynamic heat into electrical energy, with a single TEG achieving maximum output power of 1.21 W and power density of
1344.44 W/m² under simulated actual flight conditions. Wind tunnel test demonstrated closer approximation to real flight environments compared with ground platform tests, as it yielded a maximum output power of 0.5 W and peak conversion efficiency of 2.58% for individual TEG. Thermoelectric materials in different temperature zones were suited to distinct TEG structures, requiring rational design and arrangement to optimize the performance. -
图 2 TEG有限元模型与固体等效模型对比
Figure 2. Comparison of TEG finite element model and solid equivalent model
图 3 高超声速飞行器耦合TEG模型示意图
Figure 3. Schematic of the coupled TEG model for hypersonic vehicles
图 4 多物理场耦合计算域部分网格图
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of the computational grids of multi-physics simulation
图 10 模拟实际高超声速飞行器工况耦合TEG计算的空气流速和整体温度分布云图
Figure 10. Results of actual hypersonic vehicle coupled TEG calculation
图 11 模拟实际高超声速飞行器飞行过程中的TEG温度、电压与输出功率随时间变化曲线
Figure 11. Results of TEG temperature, voltage, and power output during simulated actual flight conditions
图 12 风洞试验结果以及与模拟开路电压的对比
Figure 12. Diagram of wind tunnel test result with comparison to simulated open-circuit voltage
图 14 不同厚度的Bi2Te3与Half-Heulser合金热电器件温度、开路电压和输出功率对比结果图
Figure 14. Comparison of temperature, open-circuit voltage and output power of Bi2Te3 and Half-Heulser TEG with different thicknesses
表 1 TEG各部分材料性质
Table 1. Material properties of the TEG
材料 塞贝克系数/（V/K） 电导率/（S/m） 热导率/（W/（m·K）） P型热电材料 （− 5.94524 ×10−8×T3+6.0534 ×10−5×
T2−1.77636 ×10−2×T+2.93309 ）×10−40.0104 T3−9.8412 ×T2+2193.3 ×T+137722 − 1.3588 ×10−8×T3+4.65818 ×10−5×
T2−0.03246 ×T+8.05499 N型热电材料 （ 3.14252 ×10−8×T3−3.07869 ×10−5×
T2+8.26791 ×10−2×T−2.09365 ）×10−4− 0.0022 T3+3.7609 ×T2−2242.6 ×T+520867 5.32452 ×10−8×T3-3.75249 ×10−5×
T2+0.0042 ×T+2.69599 铜电极 5.998×107 400 陶瓷 22 
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表 2 TEG固体等效模型材料性质
Table 2. Material properties of TEG solid equivalent model
材料 热导率/
（W/（m·K））密度/
（kg/m3）恒压热容/
（J/（kg·K））陶瓷基板等效 22 3700 780 热电材料等效 0.5 2500 180
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表 3 来流参数
Table 3. Incoming flow parameters
参数 数值 马赫数Ma 6 来流静温/K 224.65 来流静压/Pa 1586.29 热导率/（W/（m·K）） 0.0242 恒压热容/（J/（kg·K）） 1006.43
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