Optimization design and performance for multi-layer thermal protection structure at high temperature
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摘要:
为解决高速飞行器飞行过程中剧烈的气动加热问题，以“高温防热层+隔热缓冲层+核心隔热层”顺序设计的一体化多层热防护结构的传热过程为研究对象，建立了高温环境下热防护结构内部一维非稳态导热-辐射耦合传热模型，通过数值模拟计算得到了高温环境下热防护结构各层的温度分布。利用不同热防护材料的隔热性能差异，针对构建的热防护结构，提出了在满足一定约束条件下，以轻质多层热防护结构总质量和总厚度为目标函数的优化设计方案，得到了多层结构的最优几何参数，并通过实验考核了优化后热防护结构的防隔热性能。实验表明：该结构可耐受1473 K的高温1800 s而背温不超过370 K。
Abstract:In consideration of the intense aerodynamic heating during the flight of the high speed vehicles, the heat transfer process of a multi-layer thermal protection structure designed in the sequence of “high-temperature thermal protection layer + thermal insulation buffer layer + core thermal insulation layer” was investigated, and a one-dimensional unsteady thermal conductivity-radiation coupled heat transfer model was established inside the thermal protection structure at high temperature environment. The temperature profile of each layer of the thermal protection structure at high-temperature environment was obtained by numerical simulation. Based on the difference of thermal insulation performance of various thermal protection materials, the optimal design scheme with the total mass and thickness of the lightweight multi-layer thermal protection structure as the objective function under certain constraints was proposed, the optimal geometric parameters of the multi-layer structure were obtained, and the anti-insulation performance of the optimized thermal protection structure was verified experimentally. The experimental results showed that the optimized thermal protection structure can withstand 1 473 K for 1 800 s while the back temperature was kept below 370 K.
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图 1 不同温度下材料隔热性能的表征值对比
Figure 1. Comparison of characteristic values of thermal insulation performance of materials at different temperatures
图 3 热防护结构一维简化模型
Figure 3. One-dimensional simplified model of thermal protection structure
图 5
$T_{1 \max } （h_{1}, h_{2}） $ 曲面图的等温线投影（单位：K）Figure 5. Isotherm projection of
$T_{1 \max } （h_{1}, h_{2}） $ surface graph （unit：K）
图 6
$T_{2 \max } （h_{1}, h_{2}） $ 曲面图的等温线投影（单位：K）Figure 6. Isotherm projection of
$T_{2 \max } （h_{1}, h_{2}） $ surface graph （unit：K）
图 7 满足质量M最小的h1和h2最优组合投影
Figure 7. Optimal combination projection of h1 and h2 that satisfies the smallest quality M
图 8 满足厚度H最小的h1和h2最优组合投影
Figure 8. Optimal combination projection of h1 and h2 that satisfies the smallest thickness H
图 9 隔热棉毡和纳米复合材料接触界面温度变化过程
Figure 9. Temperature evolution at the contact interface of thermal insulation felts and nanocomposite material
图 10 优化后结构底部界面温度变化过程
Figure 10. Temperature evolution at the bottom interface of the structure after optimization
图 11 不同时间各层材料的温度分布
Figure 11. Temperature distribution of each layer of material at different times
表 1 热防护材料热物性参数
Table 1. Thermophysical parameters for different thermal protection materials
材料 ρ/（kg/m3） cp/（J/（kg·K）） λeff/（W/（m·K）） ε 隔热棉毡 260.0 851.1 λ1=a1T+b1 纳米复合材料 310.5 871.2 λ2=a2T+b2 陶瓷面板 1806.4 1115.3 λ3=a3T+b3 0.6 
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