Status and prospect of Hall thruster of different thrust stages
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摘要:
介绍了霍尔推力器原理的基础上,推导分析了霍尔推力器推力的影响因素,总结了改变其推力的主要方法。概述了微牛级、毫牛级和牛级等不同推力级适用的航天任务类型,按照3个级别对国内外霍尔推力器型号进行了分类,分别对3个推力级各系列型号的发展及趋势进行了梳理与分析。对各推力级霍尔推力器发展的关键技术进行了展望。针对其中的技术瓶颈与发展趋势进行了总结分析。全面、系统地针对各推力级霍尔推力器进行了综述。结果表明:毫牛级发展最为成熟的推力级,而随着航天任务类型逐渐丰富,微牛级和牛级霍尔推力器发展潜力愈发突出;研究结果提出了霍尔推进器应提升整体性能、扩展推力覆盖范围,强化多模式工作能力,发展空心阴极以及探究不同推进剂等建议。该研究结果对于霍尔电推进的进一步发展具有参考价值。
Abstract:Based on the introduction of the principle of Hall thruster, the influencing factors of Hall thruster thrust were deduced and analyzed, summarizing how to change Hall thruster thrust. The types of space missions applicable to different thrust levels, such as μN-level level, mN-level and N-level were summarized. The models of Hall thrusters at home and abroad were classified according to three levels, and the development and trend of each series of models of the three thrust levels were sorted out and analyzed respectively. The technical bottleneck and development trend were summarized and analyzed. Hall thrusters of various thrust stages were comprehensively and systematically reviewed. The results indicated that the mN-level was the most mature. With more abundant types of space missions, the μN-level level and N-level Hall thrusters had considerable development potential. The key technologies for the development of Hall Thrusters in each thrust stage were prospected. The results suggested that Hall Thrusters should improve the overall performance, expand the thrust coverage, strengthen the multi-mode working ability, develop hollow cathode and explore different propellants, thus providing a reference for the further development of Hall electric propulsion.
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Key words:
- Hall electric propulsion technology /
- Hall thruster /
- thrust stage /
- thrust /
- space thruster
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表 1 3种不同推力水平的电推力器特征及应用
Table 1. Characteristics and application of three kinds of electric thrusters with different thrust levels
推力量级 应用场景 寿命要求/年 工作特征 微牛级 姿态控制
飞轮卸载
空间引力波探测15~20 数十瓦功率
精确最小冲量为2×10−5 N·s毫牛级 南北位置保持
东西位置保持
深空探测
轨道修正
气动补偿
矢量定位20 数十瓦至数千瓦功率
对南北位置保持,最小冲量为2×10−3 N·s
100 kg航天器质量每年能够产生46000 N·s的总冲量牛级 轨道提升
星际旅行
太阳系考察3 数千瓦以上功率
间断或连续工作表 2 毫牛级SPT系列霍尔推力器性能参数[3]
Table 2. Performance parameters of milli-Newton SPT series Hall thruster[3]
参数 SPT-50/60 SPT-70 SPT-100 SPT-140 SPT-200 加速通道外径/mm 50~60 70 100 140 200 推力/mN 10~500 20~100 40~200 80~400 150~600 比冲/s 1570 1600 1810 1950 喷气速度/(km/s) 12 16 20 25 30 额定功率/W 0.7 1.5 3.0 6.0 12.0 效率/% 40 50 50 60 60~70 发展状态 工程产品 工程产品 工程产品 工程产品 试验样机 表 3 BHT系列霍尔推力器性能参数
Table 3. Performance parameters of BHT series Hall thruster
参数 BHT-100 BHT-200 BHT-350 BHT-600 BHT-1500 BHT-6000 输入功率/W 100 200 300 600 1500 6000 推力/mN 7 13 17 39 101 201-325 比冲/s 1000 1390 1244 1500 1710 1 900~2100 总冲量/(kN·s) >250 >140 >250 >1000 >6500 >8500 适用工质 Xe或I Xe或I Xe或Kr或I Xe或Kr或I Xe或Kr或I Xe或Kr或I -
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