Performance and aviation application of direct ammonia fuel SOFC-GT hybrid system
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摘要:
建立了基于直接氨燃料的固体氧化物燃料电池-燃气轮机（SOFC-GT）混合动力系统仿真模型，开发了一种架构优化的高功率-质量比的高效发电系统，并研究了燃料利用率和系统燃料分配对系统功率分配、各子部件质量以及其㶲损失等性能的影响。基于所建立的模型分析了压气机压比、燃料摩尔流量、空气摩尔流量等输入参数对系统性能的影响，在最优性能条件下对系统进行功率-质量比分析。仿真结果表明该系统的净发电效率为56.85%，㶲效率为50.71%，净发电量为213 kW，功率-质量比为0.7303 kW/kg，达到美国能源部太平洋西北国家实验室（PNNL）为SOFC-GT混合动力系统应用于航空航天领域制定的标准。在此基础上，讨论了该系统在商用飞机主动力和辅助动力上的应用，表明SOFC-GT混合动力系统在航空领域具有良好的应用前景。
Abstract:A simulation model of the solid oxide fuel cells-gas turbine (SOFC-GT) hybrid power system on the basis of direct ammonia fuel was established, to developed an efficient power generation system with a high power-mass ratio optimized by architecture, and studied the effects of fuel utilization and system fuel allocation on system power allocation, mass of various subcomponents, and energy losses. Then, the performance of the established SOFC-GT hybrid system was evaluated by changing parameters such as the compressor pressure ratio, fuel flow rate and air flow rate. The power-mass ratio analysis of the system was also carried out under the optimal performance condition. The simulation results showed that, the net power generation efficiency of the system can reach 56.85%, and the exergy efficiency can reach 50.71% at the design conditions. Meanwhile, the net power generation and the power-mass ratio reached 213 kW and 0.7303 kW/kg, respectively. So, this result can meet the power-mass ratio standard given by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) for the SOFC-GT hybrid system used in the aerospace field. Finally, the application of the system on commercial aircraft as both main power system and auxiliary power unit was discussed, and the designed SOFC-GT hybrid system showed good aviation application prospects.
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Key words:
- DA-SOFC /
- solid oxide fuel cells-gas turbine /
- hybrid system /
- system efficiency /
- power-mass ratio /
- aviation power
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图 3 SOFC-GT混合动力系统的各部件质量分数
Figure 3. Mass fraction of each component of the SOFC-GT hybrid system
图 4 燃料分配对SOFC-GT混合动力系统的输出功率分配的影响
Figure 4. Effects of fuel distribution variations on the SOFC-GT hybrid system output power distribution
图 5 燃料分配对SOFC、GT输出功率的影响
Figure 5. Effects of fuel distribution variations on the output power of SOFC and GT
图 6 燃料分配对SOFC的工作温度和工作电压的影响
Figure 6. Effects of fuel distribution variations on the temperature and voltage of SOFC
图 7 燃料分配对SOFC、GT质量的影响
Figure 7. Effects of fuel distribution variations on the mass of SOFC and GT
图 8 燃料分配对SOFC-GT混合动力系统㶲损失的影响
Figure 8. Effect of fuel distribution variations on the exergy loss of the SOFC-GT hybrid system
图 9 燃料分配对SOFC-GT混合动力系统性能参数的影响
Figure 9. Effects of fuel distribution variations on the performance parameters for the SOFC-GT hybrid system
图 10 燃料摩尔流量变化对SOFC-GT混合动力系统性能参数的影响
Figure 10. Effects of fuel mole flow variations on the performance parameters for the SOFC-GT hybrid system
图 11 燃料摩尔流量变化对SOFC工作温度的影响
Figure 11. Effects of fuel mole flow variations on the temperature of the SOFC system
图 12 燃料利用率对SOFC、GT输出功率的影响
Figure 12. Effect of fuel utilization variations on SOFC and GT output power
图 13 燃料利用率变化对SOFC-GT混合动力系统性能参数的影响
Figure 13. Effects of fuel utilization variations on the performance parameters for the SOFC-GT hybrid system
图 14 燃料利用率变化对SOFC-GT混合动力系统性能参数的影响
Figure 14. Effects of fuel utilization variations on the performance parameters for the SOFC-GT hybrid system
图 15 燃料利用率变化对SOFC-GT混合动力系统㶲损失的影响
Figure 15. Effect of fuel utilization variations on the exergy loss of the SOFC-GT hybrid system
图 16 空气摩尔流量对SOFC-GT混合动力系统性能参数的影响
Figure 16. Effects of air mole flow variations on the performance parameters for the SOFC-GT hybrid system
图 17 空气摩尔流量对SOFC功率及涡轮发动机功率的影响
Figure 17. Effects of air mole flow on the SOFC power and turbine engine power
图 18 空气摩尔流量对SOFC电压和工作温度的影响
Figure 18. Effects of air mole flow on the SOFC voltage and the SOFC operating temperature
图 19 压气机压比对SOFC-GT混合动力系统性能的影响
Figure 19. Effects of compressor pressure ratio on the SOFC-GT hybrid system
图 20 压气机压比对SOFC功率及GT功率的影响
Figure 20. Effects of compressor pressure ratio on the SOFC power and turbine engine power
图 21 飞行各阶段功率需求以及飞行高度
Figure 21. Electric loads and flight altitude for different flight stage
图 22 飞行各阶段的负载需求和系统输出功率
Figure 22. Electric loads and output power for different flight stage
图 23 飞行各阶段的负载需求和SOFC、GT输出功率
Figure 23. Electric loads and output power of SOFC and GT for different flight stage
图 24 飞行各阶段的负载需求和OFC-GT混合动力系统效率
Figure 24. Electric loads and the efficiency of SOFC-GT hybrid system for different flight stage
表 1 SOFC-GT混合动力系统各部件的质量模型
Table 1. Mass models of sub-components of the SOFC-GT hybrid system
部件 公式 压气机 ${m}_{ {\rm{comp} } }=1.588\;7 {\pi }_{\text{c} } ^{-0.305}$ 发电机 ${m}_{{\rm{afternater}}}=\dfrac{ {\dot{W} }_{{\rm{fc,stack}}} }{11.56}$ SOFC电堆 ${m}_{ {\rm{cell} } }=\dfrac{ {\dot{W} }_{ {\rm{fc,stack,ac} } } }{0.263\times 2.5}$ 燃烧室 ${m}_{{\rm{comb}}}=10.6+ （\dot{m}-0.1） \times 62.7$ 热交换器 ${m}_{{\rm{hx}}}={m}_{{\rm{a.hx}}}+{m}_{{\rm{f.hx}}}$
${m}_{ {\rm{a.hx} } }=-1.84{\xi }_{ {\rm{hx} } }+37.1$
${m}_{ {\rm{f.hx} } }=-1.84 {\xi }_{ {\rm{hx} } }+16.3$涡轮 ${m}_{{\rm{gt}}}=0.1\times {\dot{W} }_{{\rm{gt}}}$ 其他部件 ${m}_{ {\rm{others} } }=0.1 {m}_{ {\rm{total} } }$ 系统总质量 ${m}_{ {\rm{total} } }={m}_{ {\rm{comp} } }+{m}_{ {\rm{afternater} } }+{m}_{ {\rm{cell} } }+{m}_{ {\rm{comb} } }+$
${m}_{ {\rm{hx} } }+{m}_{ {\rm{gt} } } +{m}_{ {\rm{others} } } $注：表中$ {\xi }_{{\rm{hx}}} $表示换热器换热效率。 
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表 2 SOFC-GT混合动力系统对比结果
Table 2. Performance comparison of the SOFC-GT hybrid system
参数 本文结果 实验结果 误差/% 电压/V 0.614 0.61 0.6 总功率/kW 221.87 223 0.5 SOFC功率/kW 175.57 176 0.1 GT功率/kW 46.3 47 1.5 系统热效率 0.5922 0.5952 0.5
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表 3 SOFC-GT混合动力系统运行参数
Table 3. Operation parameters of the SOFC-GT hybrid system
组件 参数 数值 SOFC 电池数量 1152 单电池有效面积/cm2 834 GT 压气机压比 2.9 压气机等熵效率 0.82 涡轮等熵效率 0.85 燃烧室绝热效率 0.98 其他参数 空气摩尔流量/（mol/s） 20.211 氨气摩尔流量/（mol/s） 1.186 燃料通入SOFC的比例 0.6 NH3的低位热值/（kJ/mol） 316
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表 4 各工况点状态参数
Table 4. Parameters of each operating point
工况点 温度/K 压力/kPa 摩尔流量/（mol/s） 1 298.15 101.3 20.211 2 434.00 293.8 20.211 3 1177.00 285.0 20.211 4 1273.00 276.4 19.790 5 1519.00 268.1 21.690 6 1275.00 111.7 21.690 7 1245.00 108.3 21.690 8 614.00 105.1 21.690 9 298.15 293.8 1.186 10 298.15 293.8 0.7116 11 298.15 293.8 0.4744 12 1003.00 285.0 0.7116 13 1273.00 276.4 1.423
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表 5 各工况点物质的摩尔分数
Table 5. Mole fraction at each operating point
工况点 摩尔分数/% NH3 H2 O2 N2 H2O 1 0 0 21.0 79.0 0 2 0 0 21.0 79.0 0 3 0 0 21.0 79.0 0 4 0 0 19.3 80.7 0 5 0 0 15.5 76.3 8.2 6 0 0 15.5 76.3 8.2 7 0 0 15.5 76.3 8.2 8 0 0 15.5 76.3 8.2 9 100 0 0 0 0 10 100 0 0 0 0 11 100 0 0 0 0 12 100 0 0 0 0 13 0 16.1 0 25 58.9
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表 6 SOFC-GT混合动力系统计算结果
Table 6. Performance comparison of the SOFC-GT hybrid system
参数 本文结果 文献[7]结果 燃料利用率 0.785 0.8286 工作电压/V 0.6618 0.5763 总功率/kW 213 200.5 SOFC功率/kW 102.7 170.2 GT功率/kW 110.3 30.27 系统热效率 0.5685 0.4881 系统㶲效率 0.5071 0.4045
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表 7 SOFC-GT混合动力系统计算结果
Table 7. Performance comparison of the SOFC-GT hybrid system
参数 数值 工作电压/V 0.6630 总功率/kW 214.3 SOFC功率/kW 104.2 GT功率/kW 110.1 系统热效率 0.57197
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表 8 燃料并联管路对SOFC-GT混合动力系统性能的影响
Table 8. Influence of fuel parallel pipeline on SOFC-GT hybrid system performance
参数 数值 有 无 系统效率 0.5693 0.6356 SOFC输出功率/kW 102.8 163.1 GT输出功率/kW 110.50 75.08 SOFC质量/kg 159.6 253.2 GT质量/kg 19.05 15.51 系统功质比/（kW/kg） 0.7303 0.6089
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表 9 SOFC-GT混合动力系统性能参数
Table 9. SOFC-GT hybrid system parameters
参数 数值 系统输出功率/kW 220 系统效率 0.54286 燃料进入SOFC比例 0.56103 燃料利用率 0.73928 SOFC输出功率/kW 112.01 GT输出功率/kW 107.99 系统功质比/（kW/kg） 0.7302
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