太阳能无人机电源系统综述

张树; 刘璇; 王晨; 岳凤发; 管乐诗; 王议锋

doi:10.13224/j.cnki.jasp.20220792

太阳能无人机电源系统综述

doi: 10.13224/j.cnki.jasp.20220792

1.
中国民航大学电子信息与自动化学院，天津 300300
2.
天津大学电气自动化与信息工程学院，天津 300072
3.
哈尔滨工业大学电气工程及自动化学院，哈尔滨 150001

基金项目: 中国民航大学中央高校基金（3122019038）

详细信息

作者简介:
张树（1988-），男，讲师、硕士生导师，博士，主要从事LED驱动器、高频DC-DC功率变换器和机载电源研究。E-mail：zhangshu0503@163.com

中图分类号: V19
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-10-15
- 网络出版日期: 2024-05-10

Review of solar UAV power system

1.
College of Electronic Information and Automation，Civil Aviation University of China，Tianjin 300300，China
2.
School of Electrical and Information Engineering，Tianjin University，Tianjin 300072，China
3.
School of Electrical Engineering and Automation，Harbin Institute of Technology，Harbin 150001，China

摘要

摘要:
针对国内太阳能无人机系统性研究较少的问题，从太阳能无人机的发展现状讨论，按照电源系统的主要功能单元，分别从太阳能电池板、能量存储系统、功率变换器等方面展开论述。总结了国内外具有代表性的相关研究成果，发现太阳能无人机电源系统的性能是影响其持续作业的关键因素之一，主要研究问题有：提高光伏电池的转化效率及物理特性、提高储能单元能量密度与稳定性，以及配备相应的能量管理系统。最后，总结太阳能无人机电源系统的发展方向：从高性能太阳能电池材料的研发，到储能系统的多样性研究及环境适应性的提高，再到大功率、高效率的功率变换器的设计和能量管理的智能化，最终提高能量利用率及实现系统的小型化和轻质化。
- 太阳能无人机 /
- 无人机 /
- 电源系统 /
- 功率变换器 /
- 太阳能电池
Abstract:
In view of the lack of systematic research on solar unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in China, the development status of solar unmanned aerial vehicles was discussed from the aspects of solar panels, energy storage systems, power converters, etc., according to the main functional units of the power system. The representative research results at home and abroad were summarized. It was found that the performance of the solar UAV power system was one of the key factors affecting its continuous operation. The main research issues included: improving the conversion efficiency and physical characteristics of photovoltaic cells, improving the energy density and stability of energy storage units, and equipping the corresponding energy management system. Finally, the development direction of solar UAV power system was summarized: from the research and development of high-performance solar cell materials, to the research on the diversity of energy storage systems and the improvement of environmental adaptability, and then to the design of high-power and high-efficiency power converters and the intellectualization of energy management, finally to improvement of the energy utilization rate and realization of the miniaturized and lightweight system.
- solar UAV /
- unmanned aerial vehicle /
- power system /
- power converter /
- solar battery

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图 1 空客“Zephyr-8”太阳能无人机

Figure 1. Airbus “Zephyr-8” solar UAV

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图 2 “彩虹”太阳能无人机

Figure 2. “Rainbow” solar UAV

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图 3 “启明星50”太阳能无人机

Figure 3. “Venus 50” solar UAV

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图 4 空客“Zephyr-S”太阳能无人机

Figure 4. Airbus “Zephyr-S” solar UAV

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图 5 谷歌“Solara 50”太阳能无人机

Figure 5. Google “Solara 50” solar UAV

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图 6 太阳能无人机电源系统示意图

Figure 6. Schematic diagram of solar UAV power system

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图 7 “Helios”硅太阳能电池

Figure 7. “Helios” silicon solar cell

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图 8 “Zephyr-S”GaAs电池

Figure 8. “Zephyr-S” GaAs battery

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图 9 “彩虹”太阳能无人机SHJ电池

Figure 9. “Rainbow” solar UAV SHJ battery

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图 10 储能电池性能分布

Figure 10. Performance distribution of energy storage battery

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图 11 双向DC-DC变换器拓扑分类

Figure 11. Topology classification of bidirectional DC-DC converters

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图 12 双向Buck/Boost变换器

Figure 12. Bidirectional Buck/Boost converter

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图 13 改进的双向Buck-Boost变换器

Figure 13. Modified bidirectional Buck-Boost converter

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图 14 四开关双向Buck-Boost变换器

Figure 14. Four switch bidirectional Buck-Boost converter

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图 15 级联Buck-Boost变换器

Figure 15. Cascade Buck-Boost converter

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图 16 其他Buck-Boost变换器

Figure 16. Other Buck-Boost converters

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图 17 双向Cuk变换器

Figure 17. Bidirectional Cuk converter

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图 18 双向Zeta-Sepic变换器

Figure 18. Bidirectional Zeta-Sepic converter

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图 19 双向正激变换器

Figure 19. Bidirectional forward converter

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图 20 双向反激变换器

Figure 20. Bidirectional flyback converter

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图 21 辅助开关型双向反激变换器

Figure 21. Bidirectional flyback converter with auxiliary switch

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图 22 双向推挽变换器

Figure 22. Bidirectional push-pull converter

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图 23 双向半桥变换器

Figure 23. Bidirectional half-bridge converter

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图 24 双向全桥变换器

Figure 24. Bidirectional full-bridge converter

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图 25 基本电流源型变换器拓扑结构

Figure 25. Topologies of basic current-source converter

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表 1 国内外主要中/大型太阳能无人机^[24-27]

Table 1. Main medium/large solar UAVs at home and abroad^[24-27]

型号	国家	翼展/m	质量/kg	试验年份	持续飞行时间	太阳能电池最大输出功率/kW
Helios	美国	75.3	720	2003	24 h	40
Aquila	美国	43	453	2016	96 min	5
Zephyr-8	英国	25	75	2022	63 d
Solara 50	美国	50	159	2015	5年（目标值）	7
PHASA-35	英国	35	150	2023	1年
彩虹	中国	45	20（载荷）	2017	15 h
启明星 50	中国	50		2022	26 min
Sunglider	日本	78	68（载荷）	2020	20 h

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表 2 国内外主要小/微型太阳能无人机^[28-30]

Table 2. Main small/micro solar UAVs at home and abroad^[28-30]

型号	国家	翼展/m	质量/kg	试验年份	持续飞行时间/h	太阳能电池最大输出功率/W
SoLong	美国	4.75	12.8	2005	48	225
天空使者号	瑞士	3.2	2.6	2005	5	80
Sky-sailor	瑞士	3.2	2.4	2008	27	90
PumaAE	美国	2.79	5.9	2013	9
AtlantikSolar	瑞士	5.65	6.8	2015	81.5	275
Owl	俄罗斯	9	12	2016	50

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表 3 太阳能电池性能指标^[33-37]

Table 3. Performance index of solar cell^[33-37]

电池种类	理论效率/%	产品效率/%	比功率/（W/kg）	优点	成本
单晶硅	24	14～19	455	转化率高、技术成熟、性能稳定	高
超薄柔性晶体硅异质结（SHJ）	26	20.5	1190	低温制作、成品率高	低
非晶硅	25	8.5	557	柔性、生产速度快	低
砷化镓（GaAs）	38	31	2467	转化率高、技术成熟、性能稳定	极高
铜铟硒（CIS）和铜铟镓硒（CIGS）	28	10～12	400	成本低、柔性、耐用	低

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表 4 各类电流源型变换器性能指标

Table 4. Performance indexes of various current-source converters

参数	数值
参数	有源钳位型	L-L双有源桥型	双半桥型	自然钳位型	谐振型
开关管个数	8	6	4	8	8
电感个数	1	2	1	1
电容	2	3	4	2
损耗/W	33.15	23.19	13.42	7.28	12
功率密度/（W/cm³）	4.26	3.89	5.08	5.84	3.93
效率/%	95.44	96.69	96.42	97.07	96.49

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