Residual stress control in electron beam welding of titanium alloy medium and thick plates for aviation
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摘要:
基于热弹塑性理论，建立了航空用TC4钛合金中厚板的焊接有限元仿真模型，用以研究电子束焊和热处理后残余应力的大小和分布情况。利用双椭球热源和圆锥形热源的组合模拟电子束的热输入，且模型考虑了固态冶金相变的作用。结果表明，考虑固态冶金相变时仿真与试验测量得到的残余应力更加吻合，验证了该仿真模型的有效性；焊缝位置存在较大的纵向残余拉伸应力，其峰值可达到842.6 MPa，随着离焊缝中心距离的增大纵向残余拉伸应力不断减小，在焊缝两侧变为压应力，直至母材边沿残余应力为0 MPa；热处理方法可有效减小残余应力，也使焊件中残余应力的分布更加均匀，且加热温度对降低残余应力的作用比较明显，当加热温度为973 K时纵向残余拉伸应力的峰值可减少43.3%。
Abstract:Based on thermo-elastic-plastic theory, a welding finite element simulation model of TC4 titanium alloy medium and thick plates for aviation was established to study the magnitude and distribution of residual stress after electron beam welding and heat treatment. A combined heat source model of double ellipsoidal with conical heat source was used to simulate the heat input of the electron beam, and the effect of solid-state metallurgical phase transformation was considered in the finite element model. The results showed that the residual stress measured by simulation and experiment was more consistent when considering solid metallurgical phase transformation, so the effectiveness of the established simulation model was verified. At the same time, it was found that there was a large longitudinal residual tensile stress at the weld position, and its peak value can reach 842.6 MPa. As the distance from the center of the weld increased, the longitudinal residual stress decreased continuously, and residual stress presented a transformation from tensile type to compressive type on both sides of the weld and became approximately 0 MPa at the edge of the base metal. Through analysis, it was found that the heat treatment method can effectively reduce the residual stress in the weldment and also made the residual stress distribution in the weldment more uniform. Among the heat treatment parameters, the heating temperature had an obvious effect on reducing the residual stress, and the peak value of the longitudinal residual tensile stress can be reduced by 43.3% when the heating temperature was 973 K.
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Key words:
- titanium alloy /
- electron beam welding /
- residual stress /
- heat treatment /
- phase transformation
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图 2 钛合金中厚板焊接和热处理模型
Figure 2. Titanium alloy medium thick plate model for welding and heat treatment
图 3 不同温度下的热物理性能参数
Figure 3. Thermo-physical material properties at different temperatures
图 6 焊后残余应力的分布云图
Figure 6. Contour plot of the distribution of residual stress after welding
图 7 焊后沿路径P5的残余应力分布曲线
Figure 7. Residual stress distribution curve along path P5 after welding
图 8 焊后沿焊缝方向的残余应力分布曲线
Figure 8. Residual stress distribution curve along the weld direction after welding
图 9 焊后垂直焊缝方向的残余应力分布曲线
Figure 9. Residual stress distribution curve along the direction perpendicular to the weld after welding
图 10 热处理后焊件残余应力的分布云图
Figure 10. Contour plot of the distribution of residual stress after heat treatment
图 11 热处理后沿焊缝方向的残余应力分布曲线
Figure 11. Residual stress distribution curve along the weld direction after heat treatment
图 12 热处理后垂直焊缝方向的残余应力分布曲线
Figure 12. Residual stress distribution curve along the direction perpendicular to the weld after heat treatment
图 13 不同保温时间下纵向残余应力分布曲线
Figure 13. Longitudinal residual stress distribution curve under different holding times
图 14 不同热处理温度下的纵向残余应力分布曲线
Figure 14. Longitudinal residual stress distribution curve under different heating temperatures
表 1 热处理仿真案例
Table 1. Simulation cases of heat treatment
工况 T/K t/h 1 923 2.5 2 923 1.5 3 923 4 4 873 4 5 973 4 
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