Cooling characteristics of liquid ammonia for hypersonic solid-fueled scramjet
-
摘要:
拟使用液氨作为新型氮基燃料再生冷却剂，考虑超燃冲压发动机真实工作温度和压力参数，建立三维流动传热裂解模型，分析液氨流动传热特性，并与传统碳氢燃料进行对比。利用PR状态方程和Chung方法，描述液氨和正癸烷的物性参数；基于Lee蒸发模型，计算冷却剂的相变；基于液氨与正癸烷的简化裂解机理，建立再生冷却通道中流体的流动传热裂解模型。数值研究了不同温度、压力下液氨的流动传热特性；对比分析相同条件下，液氨与碳氢燃料的热沉规律。结果表明液氨传热能力随压力上升而提升，压力由3 MPa提升至17 MPa时，平均表面传热系数增幅8.02%；相同质量流量下，以液氨作为冷却剂将大幅提升冷却能力，非裂解区最高壁温降幅度36.3%，裂解区为9.1%。
Abstract:Liquid ammonia is used as a new nitrogen-based coolant. Considering the real operating temperature and pressure of the scramjet engine, a three-dimensional numerical model was established to analyze the flow and heat transfer characteristics of liquid ammonia. The thermal properties were calculated by PR equation and Chung method. The phase change of ammonia was calculated by Lee evaporation model. Pyrolysis of ammonia was also considered. The flow heat transfer characteristics of liquid ammonia under different temperatures and pressures were studied by taking into account the process of phase change and pyrolysis. The cooling feature of ammonia was compared with traditional hydrocarbon fuel. The heat sink of liquid ammonia and hydrocarbon fuel was compared and analyzed under the same condition. The results showed that the heat transfer capacity of liquid ammonia increased with the rise of pressure. When pressure increased from 3 MPa to 17 MPa, heat transfer coefficient increased by 8.02%. Under the same mass flow rate, heat transfer coefficient of ammonia was higher and the wall temperature decreased by 36.3% in non-pyrolysis zone and 9.1% in pyrolysis zone.
-
Key words:
- ammonia /
- hydrocarbon fuel /
- cooling feature /
- flow and heat transfer /
- pyrolysis /
- high Mach number /
- solid-fueled scramjet
-
图 4 外壁面温度数值模拟和实验结果比较
Figure 4. Comparison of wall temperature numerical simulation and experimental results
图 5 非裂解条件不同压力下冷却通道受热壁温分布
Figure 5. Temperature contours of the heated wall in the non-cracking zone under different pressures
图 6 不同亚临界压力下通道平均沿程参数
Figure 6. Average thermal parameters under different subcritical pressures
图 7 不同亚临界压力下通道沿程平均参数
Figure 7. Average parameters along the channel under different sub-critical pressures
图 9 不同亚临界压力对应位置截面液氨体积分数
Figure 9. Volume fraction of liquid ammonia in the cross section corresponding to different sub-critical pressures
图 10 不同超临界压力下受热面平均表面传热系数
Figure 10. Average surface heat transfer coefficient of heating surface under different supercritical pressures
图 11 不同超临界压力下通道受热壁面沿程平均温度
Figure 11. Average temperature along the channel heating wall under different supercritical pressures
图 12 超临界压力下z=240 mm处流体导热系数
Figure 12. Thermal conductivity of fluid at z=240 mm under supercritical pressure
图 13 不同超临界压力下通道中心面各参数分布
Figure 13. Thermal parameters on channel center surface under different supercritical pressures
图 14 不同超临界压力下流体沿程平均温度
Figure 14. Average fluid temperature along the flow direction under different supercritical pressures
图 15 不同压力下受热壁面温度分布
Figure 15. Temperature contours of the heated wall under different pressures
图 17 不同压力下通道中心面参数分布
Figure 17. Thermal parameters of channel center surface under different pressures
图 18 非裂解区不同qf/mf下受热壁面温度分布
Figure 18. Temperature contours of the heated wall under different qf/mf in the non-cracking zone
图 19 非裂解区不同qf/mf通道内部平均参数分布（Tin=300 K）
Figure 19. Average parameter distribution of different qf/mf channels in the non-cracking zone （Tin=300 K）
图 20 非裂解区不同qf/mf下通道中心面液氨体积分数
Figure 20. Volume fraction of liquid ammonia of channel center surface under different qf/mf values in non-cracking zone
图 21 裂解区不同qf/mf下受热壁面温度分布
Figure 21. Temperature contours of the heated wall under different qf/mf values in the cracking zone
图 22 裂解区不同qf/mf下通道中心面氨质量分数
Figure 22. Mass fraction of ammonia of the channel center surface under different qf/mf values in the cracking zone
图 23 裂解条件下不同qf/mf通道平均参数分布（Tin=680 K）
Figure 23. Average thermal parameters of different qf/mf values in the cracking zone （Tin=680 K）
图 24 同质量流量条件下通道流体域下壁面沿程平均表面传热系数
Figure 24. Average heat transfer coefficient along the lower wall of the fluid domain with the same fluid mass flow rate
图 25 同质量流量条件下受热壁面温度分布
Figure 25. Temperature contours of the heated wall with the same fluid mass flow rate
图 26 3 MPa压力下氨与正癸烷的物理热沉
Figure 26. Physical heat sink of ammonia and n-Decane at 3 MPa
图 28 同质量流量条件下通道中心面温度分布
Figure 28. Temperature contours of the channel center surface with the same fluid mass flow rate
表 1 单矩形通道网格无关性验证相关信息
Table 1. Single rectangular channel mesh independence verification related information
网格
编号首层网格
厚度/m比例
因子y+ 网格数/106 Tout,av/K Mesh A 10−5 1.15 < 1 1.994 480.2 Mesh B 2.961 475.8 Mesh C 4.516 473.4 Mesh D 6.715 473.2 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 不同压力下的边界条件参数
Table 2. Boundary conditions under different pressures
qf/（MW/m2） mf/（g/s） pout/MPa 2 2.75 3 2 2.75 6 2 2.75 9 2 2.75 13 2 2.75 15 2 2.75 17
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 不同工况下的边界条件参数
Table 3. Boundary condition parameters under different working conditions
工况 qf/
（MW/m2）mf/
（g/s）（qf/mf）/
（W·s/（kg·m2））pout/
MPaCase a 2.0 3.00 0.667 3 Case b 2.0 2.75 0.727 3 Case c 2.5 2.75 0.909 3 Case d 3.0 2.75 1.091 3
下载: 导出CSV
表 4 氨和碳氢燃料冷却能力对比分析计算工况
Table 4. Calculation conditions in the comparison of cooling capacities between ammonia and hydrocarbon fuel
Case 流体种类 Tin/
Kmf/
（g/s）pout/
MPaqf/
（MW/m2）1 NH3 300 2.75 3 2 2 C10H22 300 2.75 3 2 3 NH3 680 2.75 3 2 4 C10H22 680 2.75 3 2
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] 李旭彦,郑星,薛瑞. 超燃冲压发动机技术发展现状及相关建议[J]. 科技中国,2019(2): 5-8. LI Xuyan,ZHENG Xing,XUE Rui. Development status of scramjet technology and related suggestions[J]. China Scitechnology Business,2019(2): 5-8. (in Chinese doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5129.2019.02.003LI Xuyan, ZHENG Xing, XUE Rui. Development status of scramjet technology and related suggestions[J]. China Scitechnology Business, 2019(2): 5-8. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5129.2019.02.003 [2] JIANG Jin,ZHANG Ruoling,LE Jialing,et al. Regeneratively cooled scramjet heat transfer calculation and comparison with experimental data[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering,2014,228(8): 1227-1234. doi: 10.1177/0954410013488737 [3] 孙冰,郑力铭. 超燃冲压发动机支板热环境及热防护方案[J]. 航空动力学报,2006,21(2): 336-341. SUN Bing,ZHENG Liming. Research of scramjet strut thermal environment and thermal protection scheme[J]. Journal of Aerospace Power,2006,21(2): 336-341. (in Chinese doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8055.2006.02.019SUN Bing, ZHENG Liming. Research of scramjet strut thermal environment and thermal protection scheme[J]. Journal of Aerospace Power, 2006, 21(2): 336-341. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8055.2006.02.019 [4] 梁导伦. 硼基贫氧固体推进剂一次燃烧产物体系能量释放特性研究[D]. 杭州: 浙江大学,2018. LIANG Daolun. Study on energy release characteristics of primary combustion product system of boron-based oxygen-poor solid propellant[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University,2018. (in ChineseLIANG Daolun. Study on energy release characteristics of primary combustion product system of boron-based oxygen-poor solid propellant[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2018. (in Chinese) [5] 李海旺,王渊,朱剑琴,等. 超临界碳氢燃料流动换热的一维模型[J]. 航空动力学报,2017,32(10): 2330-2337. LI Haiwang,WANG Yuan,ZHU Jianqin,et al. One-dimensional model of flow and heat transfer of supercritical hydrocarbon fuel[J]. Journal of Aerospace Power,2017,32(10): 2330-2337. (in ChineseLI Haiwang, WANG Yuan, ZHU Jianqin, et al. One-dimensional model of flow and heat transfer of supercritical hydrocarbon fuel[J]. Journal of Aerospace Power, 2017, 32(10): 2330-2337. (in Chinese) [6] 张忠利,李斌,张蒙正,等. 吸热型碳氢燃料与高温合金相容性研究[J]. 航空动力学报,2016,31(2): 451-458. ZHANG Zhongli,LI Bin,ZHANG Mengzheng,et al. Consistent capacity research on endothermic hydrocarbon fuels and superalloy[J]. Journal of Aerospace Power,2016,31(2): 451-458. (in ChineseZHANG Zhongli, LI Bin, ZHANG Mengzheng, et al. Consistent capacity research on endothermic hydrocarbon fuels and superalloy[J]. Journal of Aerospace Power, 2016, 31(2): 451-458. (in Chinese) [7] NING Wang,YU Pan,JIN Zhou. Research status of active cooling of endothermic hydrocarbon fueled scramjet engine[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering,2013,227(11): 1780-1794. doi: 10.1177/0954410012463642 [8] CHIUTA S,EVERSON R C,NEOMAGUS H W J P,et al. Reactor technology options for distributed hydrogen generation via ammonia decomposition: a review[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2013,38(35): 14968-14991. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.09.067 [9] DESHMUKH S R,MHADESHWAR A B,VLACHOS D G. Microreactor modeling for hydrogen production from ammonia decomposition on ruthenium[J]. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research,2004,43(12): 2986-2999. [10] 关静莹,张欢欢,苏子恺,等. 氨分解制氢镍基催化剂研究进展[J]. 化工进展,2022,41(12): 6319-6337. GUAN Jingying,ZHANG Huanhuan,SU Zikai,et al. Recent progress in nickel-based catalysts for ammonia decomposition to hydrogen[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress,2022,41(12): 6319-6337. (in ChineseGUAN Jingying, ZHANG Huanhuan, SU Zikai, et al. Recent progress in nickel-based catalysts for ammonia decomposition to hydrogen[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(12): 6319-6337. (in Chinese) [11] MEI Bowen,ZHANG Jianguo,SHI Xiaoxiang,et al. Enhancement of ammonia combustion with partial fuel cracking strategy: Laminar flame propagation and kinetic modeling investigation of NH3/H2/N2/air mixtures up to 10 atm[J]. Combustion and Flame,2021,231: 111472. doi: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2021.111472 [12] LAN Rong,IRVINE J T,TAO Shanwen. Ammonia and related chemicals as potential indirect hydrogen storage materials[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2012,37(2): 1482-1494. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.10.004 [13] ZHANG Ruhang,LIU Jianhua,ZHANG Liang. Flow boiling heat transfer and dryout characteristics of ammonia in a horizontal smooth mini-tube[J]. International Journal of Thermal Sciences,2022,171: 107224. doi: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2021.107224 [14] HUANG Yanpei,YANG Qi,ZHAO Jingquan,et al. Experimental study on flow boiling heat transfer characteristics of ammonia in microchannels[J]. Microgravity Science and Technology,2020,32(3): 477-492. doi: 10.1007/s12217-020-09786-z [15] YANG Qingchun,CHETEHOUNA K,GASCOIN N,et al. Experimental study on combustion modes and thrust performance of a staged-combustor of the scramjet with dual-strut[J]. Acta Astronautica,2016,122: 28-34. doi: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.01.002 [16] CHELLAPPA A S,FISCHER C M,THOMSON W J. Ammonia decomposition kinetics over Ni-Pt/Al2O3 for PEM fuel cell applications[J]. Applied Catalysis A: General,2002,227(1/2): 231-240. [17] KLERKE A,CHRISTENSEN C H,NØRSKOV J K,et al. Ammonia for hydrogen storage: challenges and opportunities[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry,2008,18(20): 2304-2310. doi: 10.1039/b720020j [18] WARD T A,ERVIN J S,STRIEBICH R C,et al. Simulations of flowing mildly-cracked normal alkanes incorporating proportional product distributions[J]. Journal of Propulsion and Power,2004,20(3): 394-402. doi: 10.2514/1.10380 [19] ZHANG Silong,FENG Yu,JIANG Yuguang,et al. Thermal behavior in the cracking reaction zone of scramjet cooling channels at different channel aspect ratios[J]. Acta Astronautica,2016,127: 41-56. doi: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.05.015 [20] LENG H,XU Z,YANG F. Effect of ratio of heat flux to mass flow rate on heat transfer of supercritical CO2 in a vertical tube[J]. Nuclear Science and Technology,2022,10(3): 141-151. doi: 10.12677/NST.2022.103015 -
点击查看大图
计量
- 文章访问数: 714
- HTML浏览量: 448
- PDF量: 67
- 被引次数: 0