高空长航时无人机热管理技术发展及挑战

胡沛; 黄坤山; 何世伟; 余长贵; 朱晓威

doi:10.13224/j.cnki.jasp.20230171

高空长航时无人机热管理技术发展及挑战

doi: 10.13224/j.cnki.jasp.20230171

胡沛^1,,
黄坤山¹,
何世伟¹,
余长贵¹,
朱晓威^2,*, ,

1.
成都飞机工业（集团）有限责任公司，成都 610091
2.
北京航空航天大学航空科学与工程学院，北京 100191

详细信息

作者简介:
胡沛（1990-），男，工程师，硕士，主要从事无人机热管理系统方案设计

通讯作者:
朱晓威（1990-），男，教授，博士，主要从事飞行器热管理及高效热质传递技术研究。E-mail：xiaoweizhu@buaa.edu.cn

中图分类号: V279
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-03-22
- 网络出版日期: 2025-05-29

Development of thermal management technologies for high-altitude long endurance unmanned aerial vehicles: challenges and perspectives

1.
Aviation Industry Corporation of China，Cheng’du Aircraft Industrial （group） Company Limited，Chengdu 610091，China
2.
School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering，Beihang University，Beijing 100191，China

摘要

摘要:
高空长航时无人机需在万米高空持续飞行数十小时，面对极端的低温和低气压环境，其热管理系统必须同时解决电子设备高效散热与关键部件保温防冻的双重难题。主要从高空大气环境、机载设备散热、机舱隔冷和冷凝水处理这几个角度分析论述目前高空长航时无人机热管理系统设计中所面临的技术挑战及相应的应对策略和方案，接着综述了目前可用于发展和改进无人机热管理系统的4个重要子技术方向，即综合热管理系统技术、高效热交换技术、先进数字化设计技术和高效热物性材料技术。研究表明：高空长航时无人机的热管理需实现全机能量动态分配与精确温控的协同优化，这对解决局部过热与过冷的矛盾问题至关重要。该综述的前沿技术进展与工程实践经验，可为推动我国无人机热管理技术的创新发展提供重要参考。
- 高空长航时 /
- 无人机 /
- 热管理 /
- 散热 /
- 热交换
Abstract:
High-altitude, long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicles must sustain flight for tens ofhours at altitudes of 10 000 meters. In such extreme conditions characterized by low temperatures and low atmospheric pressure, the thermal management system must simultaneously withstand the dual challenges of efficiently dissipating heat from electronic equipment and maintaining insulation and anti-freezing protection for critical components. This review discussed the design challenges of unmanned aerial vehicle’s thermal management systems from four key perspectives: high-altitude atmospheric conditions, onboard equipment cooling, cabin thermal insulation, and condensate management. Then, the review summarizes four important sub-technical directions that can currently be used to develop and improve UAV thermal management systems, namely integrated thermal management system technology, high-efficiency heat exchange technology, advanced digital design technology and high-efficiency thermophysical material technology.Studies showed that effective thermal management of long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicles required for the coordinated optimization of dynamic energy distribution and precise temperature control across the entire vehicle, which was critical for addressing the conflicting issues of localized overheating and overcooling. The technological advancements and engineering practices could offer valuable insights to support the innovative development of UAV thermal management systems.
- high-altitude long endurance /
- unmanned aerial vehicles /
- thermal management /
- heat dissipation /
- heat exchange

HTML

图 1 大气温度、压力、密度及绝对湿度随海拔高度的变化曲线

Figure 1. Variation profiles of atmospheric temperature, pressure, density and humidity with the altitude

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图 2 RQ-4 无人机机舱增压方案

Figure 2. Compartment pressurization scheme of the RQ-4 UVA

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图 3 一种典型的发动机燃油冷却热管理系统构型^[19]

Figure 3. Typical fuel cooled thermal management system architecture for turbine engine^[19]

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图 4 几种航空航天领域常见的保温材料

Figure 4. Some commercial thermal insulation materials widely used in aerospace and aviation engineering

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图 5 一种无人机天线罩的结构设计方案^[26]

Figure 5. Design concept of a sandwich structural radome for UVAs^[26]

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图 6 典型的无人机热管理系统结构示意图^[30]

Figure 6. Typical thermal management system for UVAs^[30]

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图 7 一种提高能量利用率的无人机综合热能管理构型工作原理图^[31]

Figure 7. Conceptual design of UVA’s thermal management system with improved energy efficiency^[31]

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图 8 可机载的两相散热系统方案

Figure 8. Onboard two-phase heat dissipation systems

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