极低风速标定系统设计与调试

周廷波; 张正科; 田永强; 郗忠祥; 张国彪; 高超

doi:10.13224/j.cnki.jasp.20230189

极低风速标定系统设计与调试

doi: 10.13224/j.cnki.jasp.20230189

周廷波^1,,
张正科^2,*, ,,
田永强^2,,
郗忠祥²,
张国彪¹,
高超²

1.
中国空气动力研究与发展中心设备设计与测试技术研究所，四川绵阳 621000
2.
西北工业大学翼型、叶栅空气动力学国家级重点实验室，西安 710072

详细信息

作者简介:
周廷波（1980-），男，高级工程师，硕士，主要从事实验空气动力学研究

通讯作者:
张正科（1961-），男，教授，博士，从事计算流体力学和实验空气动力学研究。E-mail：zkzhang@nwpu.edu.cn

中图分类号: V211.7；V216.8；O351
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-03-27
- 网络出版日期: 2024-03-21

Design and adjustment tests of an extremely low speed calibration facility for anemometers

1.
Facility Design and Instrumentation Institute，China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center，Mianyang Sichuan 621000，China
2.
The National Key Laboratory of Aerodynamic Design and Research，Northwestern Polytechnical University，Xi’an 710072，China

摘要

摘要:
针对极低风速情形热线风速仪标定精度不够高，且标定易受温湿度变化污染的难点问题，设计了一座速度控制精度较高、同时能控制空气温湿度的极低风速标定装置。装置的速度范围为0.1～1.0 m/s，温度范围为常温～60 ℃，湿度范围为20%RH～80%RH。进行了布局形式论证、结构设计、部件设计；设计了运动速度控制系统、温湿度控制系统，并进行了调试。调试结果表明：速度控制最大误差和最大相对误差分别为0.000989 m/s和0.241%，达到设计指标0.003 m/s和0.4%，优于国际最优精度0.02 m/s和0.5%（风洞类）、0.001 m/s和0.82%（探头运动型）；温度控制最大误差为0.9 ℃，达到设计指标1 ℃；湿度控制误差为2.9%RH，达到设计指标4%RH。将标定装置应用于某热线风速仪的标定，标定结果的拟合曲线最大误差为0.02236 m/s，满足标定精度设计指标0.03 m/s，处于国际风洞类标定装置误差范围0.018～0.03377 m/s内，接近国际探头运动型装置误差0.014 m/s；拟合曲线最大相对误差为5.214%，接近国际风洞类标定装置误差4%，接近国际探头运动型装置误差2.42%～15.04%的下限。标定装置的速度不确定度估计为0.0159 m/s，接近国际风洞类标定装置不确定度0.014～0.06 m/s下限和国际探头运动型标定装置不确定度0.012 m/s。
- 极低风速 /
- 标定系统 /
- 速度控制 /
- 温度控制 /
- 湿度控制 /
- 热线标定
Abstract:
Considering the difficult problems existing in current extremely low speed calibration facilities that the calibration accuracy for anemometers is not high enough and the calibration is vulnerable to the contamination of temperature and humidity discrepancies, an extremely low speed calibration facility with high control precision of velocity was designed with air temperature and humidity being able to be controlled to required values. The facility had a velocity range of 0.1 to 1.0 m/s, an air temperature range of ambient atmospheric temperature to 60 ℃ and a humidity range of 20%RH to 80%RH. The layout arrangement was discussed. The mechanical structure and its components and accessories were designed and illustrated. The motion velocity control system and temperature and humidity control system were designed, tested and adjusted. The results of the adjustment tests showed that the maximum velocity control error and the maximum relative velocity control error were 0.000989 m/s and 0.241%, respectively, satisfying the design target error 0.003 m/s and 0.4%, better than the international optimal accuracy 0.02 m/s and 0.5% (wind tunnel type), and 0.001 m/s and 0.82% (probe-moving type); the maximum temperature control error was 0.9 ℃, meeting the design target error 1 ℃. The maximum humidity control error was 2.9%RH, less than the design target error 4%RH. When the facility was applied to the calibration of a hot-wire anemometer, the maximum error of the fitting curves of the calibration results was 0.02236m/s, which satisfied the design target accuracy 0.03 m/s and was within 0.018—0.03377 m/s, the error range of the international wind tunnel calibration facilities, and close to 0.014 m/s, the error of the international probe-moving facilities; the maximum relative error of fitting curves was 5.214%, close to 4%, the error of the international wind tunnel calibration facilities and close to the lower limit of 2.42%—15.04%, the international probe-moving facilities. The estimated velocity uncertainty of the facility was about 0.0159 m/s, close to the lower limit of 0.014—0.06 m/s, the uncertainty of the international wind tunnel calibration facilities, and close to 0.012 m/s, the uncertainty of the international probe-moving calibration facilities.
- extremely low speed /
- calibration facility /
- velocity control /
- temperature control /
- humidity control /
- calibration of hot wire anemometers

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图 1 极低风速标定系统总体布局结构构想图

Figure 1. Overall layout and structural diagram of the extremely low-speed calibration facility in conception

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图 2 密闭室及相关部件

Figure 2. Enclosed chamber and associated components

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图 3 密闭室内部情形

Figure 3. Interior of the enclosed chamber

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图 4 机械结构系统总装图

Figure 4. Assembly of the mechanical structure system

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图 5 主控和运动控制系统控制柜、计算机

Figure 5. Cabinet and computer for master and motion control

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图 6 用双频激光干涉仪校核磁栅尺距离测量

Figure 6. Check and verification of magnetic grating ruler by dual-frequency laser interferometer

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图 7 温湿度控制系统硬件布置概念设计图

Figure 7. Hardware arrangement of temperature and humidity control system in conception design

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图 8 温湿度控制系统控制柜和硬件布置图

1温湿度系统控制柜； 2恒温水箱； 3循环加热/制冷机；4加湿器； 5循环除湿机；6进水管； 7回水管； 8加湿/除湿汽管；9密闭室。

Figure 8. Control cabinet and arrangement of devices in temperature and humidity control system

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图 9 各设定速度下匀速段速度值随时间变化

Figure 9. Variation of velocity value with time within constant-speed stage at each set velocity

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图 10 密闭室温湿度传感器布置示意图（单位：mm）

Figure 10. Arrangement of temperature and humidity transducers in enclosed chamber (unit：mm)

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图 11 从23.5 ℃加热到30 ℃过程中8个位置温度值及其平均值随时间的变化

Figure 11. Variation of eight temperatures and their average during heating from 23.5 ℃ to 30 ℃

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图 12 从38.1 ℃加热到50 ℃过程中8个位置温度值及其平均值随时间的变化

Figure 12. Variation of eight temperatures and their average during heating from 38.1 ℃ to 50 ℃

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图 13 常温下湿度由环境湿度42.7%RH控制到20%RH过程中8个位置湿度值及其平均值随时间的变化

Figure 13. Variation of eight humidity values and their average from 42.7%RH to 20%RH at ambient atmospheric temperature

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图 14 30 ℃下湿度由19.2%RH控制到60%RH过程中8个位置湿度值及其平均值随时间的变化

Figure 14. Variation of eight humidity values and their average from 19.2%RH to 60%RH at 30 ℃

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图 15 40 ℃下湿度由60%RH控制到80%RH过程中8个位置湿度值及其平均值随时间的变化

Figure 15. Variation of eight humidity values and their average from 60%RH to 80%RH at 40 ℃

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图 16 Dantec热线主机及探头

Figure 16. Dantec hot-wire anemometer and its probe

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图 17 热线探头在密闭室支架安装情形

Figure 17. Hot-wire anemometer probe fixed on the strut in the enclosed chamber

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图 18 θ=30 ℃, H=20%RH, 60%RH, 80%RH的标定曲线

Figure 18. Calibrated velocity points and fitting curves for H=20%RH, 60%RH and 80%RH at θ=30 ℃

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图 19 θ=40 ℃, H=20%RH, 60%RH, 80%RH的标定曲线

Figure 19. Calibrated velocity points and fitting curves for H=20%RH, 60%RH and 80%RH at θ=40 ℃

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图 20 θ=60℃, H=19%RH的标定曲线

Figure 20. Calibrated velocity points and fitting curve at θ=60℃, H=19%RH

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表 1 各国极低风速标定装置速度控制和标定性能一览

Table 1. Velocity control and calibration characteristics of world-wide extremely low speed calibration facilities

国家、机构	类型	风速范围/ （m/s）	速度控制精度	速度不确定度	标定误差（不确定度）
美国NISTDTSWT	低速风洞	0.15～75	总体误差：±4%
美国NISTLVF	低速风洞	0.05～11.2		平均速度总不确定度：1%
法国CETIAT	温湿度可调风洞	0.05～2		总体不确定度：0.003～0.014 m/s
德国PTB	低速风洞	0.1～60
西班牙INTA	低速风洞	0～60
比利时UCL	开口风洞	0.3～60	1%
英国诺丁汉特伦特大学	温度可调射流风洞	0.7～9	0.5%
瑞典Gävle大学	热风洞	0.3～3	±0.02 m/s
阿根廷国立拉普拉塔大学	直流风洞	0.2～1.25		扩展不确定度： 0.06 m/s （<10%）
中国科学院大气物理所	气象风洞	0.15～22	标准误差：2.6%～7.4%
中国气象科学研究院计量所	低速风洞	0.1～2.4
中国计量科学研究院	低速风洞	0.1～1			不确定度： 0.018 m/s
中国计量科学研究院	射流风洞	0.13～1.43			扩展不确定度： 0.0114～0.03377 m/s （k=2）
伊朗IROST*	热射流风洞	5～60
土耳其加齐安泰普大学	层流管流装置	0.029～1.79			拟合曲线标定误差：±4%
土耳其加齐安泰普大学	旋转圆盘	0.05～1.05			拟合曲线标定误差：±5%
新加坡南洋理工大学	导轨小车	0～0.35	±0.001 m/s （−3.0%～7.0%）		拟合曲线标定误差：−1.11%～15.04%
英国布莱顿理工学院	导轨小车	0.02～1	±0.0082 m/s （±0.82%）
意大利INRIM	导轨小车	0.1～1.2		总体（扩展）不确定度： 0.012 m/s （8%）
日本计量研究院力学部	导轨小车	0.05～1			不确定度： 0.00735～0.014 m/s
中国计量科学研究院	导轨小车	0.1～1.05		扩展不确定度： 0.82% （k=2）	扩展不确定度： 2.42% （k=2）
加拿大渥太华大学	单摆式装置	最大速度0.3～10
意大利INRIM	水平旋转臂	0.2～5		扩展不确定度： 4.0%～0.84%
沙特法赫德国王石油矿产大学	水平摇摆臂	0～0.15		最大不确定度（95%置信水平）： 4.1%
英国布莱德福德大学*	摇摆臂	1～6.5	0.03 m/s
德国埃尔朗根-纽伦堡大学*	实验气候舱	12.75～36.6

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表 2 各国标定装置温湿度控制特性

Table 2. Temperature and humidity control characteristics of world-wide extremely low speed calibration facilities

国家、机构	类型	风速范围/ （m/s）	温度范围/℃	温度控制精度	湿度范围/ %RH	湿度控制精度/%RH
法国CETIAT	温湿度可控风洞	0.05～2	10～50	±0.5 ℃ （均匀性：±0.2 ℃）；达到设定温湿度需时≤ 2 h	10～90	±4（均匀性：±0.5）
英国诺丁汉特伦特大学	热射流风洞	0.7～9	20～60	0.1 ℃
瑞典Gävle大学	热风洞	0.3～3	10～60	±0.05 ℃
伊朗IROST*	热射流风洞	5～30	22～60
德国埃尔朗根- 纽伦堡大学*	实验气候舱	12.75～36.6	30～70		30～90

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表 3 双频激光干涉仪校核结果

Table 3. Checking results of magnetic grating ruler by dual-frequency laser interferometer

测量序号	距离/mm		误差/%
测量序号	干涉仪	磁栅尺	误差/%
第1次	0	0	0
	1001.02	1001.02	0
	2002.85	2002.86	0.0005
	3004.50	3004.58	0.0027
	4006.50	4006.42	−0.002
	5008.25	5008.21	−0.001
	6010.10	6010.05	−0.001
	7011.75	7011.72	0
	8013.58	8013.56	0
第2次	0	0	0
	1000.97	1001.01	0.004
	2002.78	2002.85	0.003
	3004.48	3004.59	0.004
	4006.39	4006.39	0
	5008.21	5008.2	0
	6010.03	6010.01	0
	7011.7	7011.71	0
	8013.52	8013.53	0

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表 4 匀速段速度控制特性（绝对误差）

Table 4. Velocity control characteristics in constant-speed stage （absolute error） m/s

U_set	U_avg	σ_U	\|U_i−U_avg\|_max	\|U_i−U_set\|_max	\|U_avg−U_set\|
0.1	0.0999992	0.0001080	0.0002402	0.000241	0.00000080
0.2	0.1999986	0.0000663	0.0002856	0.000287	0.00000137
0.3	0.2999966	0.0000994	0.0005346	0.000538	0.00000346
0.4	0.3999942	0.0000895	0.0003118	0.000306	0.00000584
0.5	0.5000054	0.000105	0.0002704	0.000265	0.00000536
0.6	0.6000041	0.0001454	0.0003918	0.000396	0.00000411
0.7	0.7000112	0.0001750	0.0009778	0.000989	0.00001121
0.8	0.8000122	0.0001658	0.0004582	0.000446	0.00001222
0.9	0.9000024	0.0001573	0.0004504	0.000448	0.00000238
1.0	1.0000160	0.0001228	0.0003980	0.000414	0.00001597

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表 5 匀速段速度控制特性（相对误差）

Table 5. Velocity control characteristics in constant-speed stage （relative error）

U_set/（m/s）	（σ_U/U_avg）/%	（\|U_i−U_avg\|_max/U_avg）/%	（\|U_i−U_set\|_max/U_set）/%	（\|U_avg−U_set\|/U_set）/%
0.1	0.108021	0.240201	0.241004	0.000805
0.2	0.033140	0.142814	0.143498	0.000686
0.3	0.033131	0.178190	0.179340	0.001152
0.4	0.022382	0.077957	0.076495	0.001460
0.5	0.021007	0.054073	0.053001	0.001073
0.6	0.024238	0.065306	0.065992	0.000686
0.7	0.024994	0.139686	0.141289	0.001601
0.8	0.020730	0.057279	0.055753	0.001527
0.9	0.017475	0.050041	0.049777	0.000265
1.0	0.012280	0.039803	0.041401	0.0015974

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表 6 密闭室温度达到设定值所需时间和恒温保持时间

Table 6. Time required to reach the set temperature and the time in which temperature can be maintained constant

θ_set/℃	名义起始温度/℃	实际起始温度/℃	稳定时θ_avg/℃	t_r,θ/min	t_m,θ/min
30	室温	23.5	29.9±0.3	95	36.67
40	30	29.9	39.7±0.2	75	20
50	40	38.1	50.0±0.4	96.67	25
60	50	49.8	60.1±0.4	58	42
60	室温	26.9	60.1±0.4	123	21.67

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表 7 密闭室温度达到设定值时的温度分布特性

Table 7. Temperature distribution characteristics in the enclosed chamber when reaching the set value

θ_set/℃	起始温度/℃	θ_avg/℃	σ_θ/℃	\|θ_i−θ_avg\|_max/℃	\|θ_i−θ_set\|_max/℃	\|θ_avg−θ_set\|/℃
30	23.5	29.9	0.1432	0.5	0.6	0.1
40	29.9	39.7	0.1364	0.4	0.7	0.3
50	38.1	50.0	0.1985	0.7	0.7	0.0
60	49.8	60.1	0.2668	0.8	0.9	0.1
60	26.9	60.1	0.2793	0.8	0.9	0.1

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表 8 湿度达到设定值所需时间和恒定湿度保持时间

Table 8. Time required to reach the set humidity and time in which humidity can be maintained constant

θ_set /℃	H_set/%RH	起始湿度/%RH	实际起始湿度/%RH	稳定时的H_avg/%RH	t_r,H/min	t_m,H/min
21.5	20	环境湿度	42.7	20.9±0.8	35.17	16.92
21.5	60	20	24	60.1±0.2	23.33	25
21.5	80	60	59.6	79.8±0.5	20.67	34.33
30	20	环境湿度	58.5	20.6±1.7	10	90
30	60	20	19.2	60.3±0.4	16.67	28.33
30	80	60	60	80.2±0.3	9.67	22.83
40	20	环境湿度	77.9	19.9±0.3	11.33	13.67
40	60	20	35.5	59.7±0.3	80	23.67
40	80	60	57.1	79.8±0.3	22.17	22.83

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表 9 密闭室湿度达到设定值时的湿度分布特性

Table 9. Humidity distribution characteristics in the enclosed chamber when reaching the set value

θ_set/℃	H_set/%RH	H_avg/%RH	σ_H/%RH	\|H_i−H_avg\|_max/%RH	\|H_i−H_set\|_max/%RH	\|H_avg−H_set\|/%RH
21.5	20	20.9	0.8474	0.8	1.7	0.9
21.5	60	60.1	0.0935	0.6	0.7	0.1
21.5	80	79.8	0.1871	0.8	1.0	0.2
30	20	20.6	0.5613	2.3	2.9	0.6
30	60	60.3	0.2806	0.5	0.8	0.3
30	80	80.2	0.1871	0.3	0.5	0.2
40	20	19.9	0.0935	0.3	0.4	0.1
40	60	59.7	0.2806	0.3	0.6	0.3
40	80	79.8	0.1871	1.3	1.4	0.1

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表 10 拟合曲线中的常数

Table 10. Constants in the fitting curves of modified King’s law

θ_set/℃	H_set/%RH	a	b	m
30	20	1.644	0.6586	0.6344
	60	1.669	0.6538	0.7074
	80	1.615	0.687	0.6136
40	20	1.507	0.6467	0.5967
	60	1.502	0.6710	0.5578
	80	1.59	0.6047	0.6963
60	19	1.358	0.521	0.6429

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表 11 各设定速度下不同温湿度条件下拟合速度与实际控制速度的误差

Table 11. Deviationerror of the fitted velocity from the real controlled velocity at each set velocity

θ_set/℃	H_set/ %RH	ΔU/（m/s）
θ_set/℃	H_set/ %RH	U_set=0.1 m/s	U_set=0.2 m/s	U_set=0.3 m/s	U_set=0.4 m/s	U_set=0.5 m/s	U_set=0.6 m/s	U_set=0.7 m/s	U_set=0.8 m/s	U_set=0.9 m/s	U_set=1.0 m/s
30	20	0.000936	−0.001983	0.007060	−0.013160	−0.001592	−0.000700	0.014904	0.008045	−0.004668	−0.008005
30	60	0.005120	−0.008284	−0.004327	−0.002082	0.001401	0.010295	0.001245	0.010876	0.000303	−0.013959
30	80	0.003931	−0.006744	−0.007101	−0.001695	0.007487	0.006810	0.005058	0.004932	−0.003850	−0.010266
40	20	0.003843	−0.003238	−0.007840	−0.020857	0.011302	0.017635	0.022360	0.002771	−0.017634	−0.010954
40	60	0.003933	−0.009262	0.004476	−0.002688	−0.003538	0.004099	0.016339	0.009140	−0.002509	−0.013690
40	80	0.002976	−0.001466	−0.004627	−0.003603	0.006449	0.001741	−0.002190	0.018522	0.004364	−0.014859
60	19	0.000955	−0.000994	0.002008	0.002485	0.000636	−0.000445	0.000611	0.002805	0.000003	0.001691

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表 12 各设定速度下拟合速度与实际控制速度的最大误差

Table 12. Maximum deviation error of the fitted velocity from the real controlled velocity at each set velocity

U_set/（m/s）	\|ΔU\|_max/（m/s）	（\|ΔU\|_max/U_set）/%
0.1	0.005120	5.12
0.2	0.009262	4.631
0.3	0.007840	2.6133
0.4	0.020857	5.2143
0.5	0.011302	2.2604
0.6	0.017635	2.9392
0.7	0.022360	3.1943
0.8	0.018522	2.3153
0.9	0.017634	1.9593
1.0	0.014859	1.4859

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表 13 有无侧壁情形过杆顶中心水平线的速度差最大值

Table 13. Maximum velocity difference along the horizontal line passing through the rod top center between the case with side walls and the case without side walls

参数	支杆位置x/m
参数	2	5	8
\|ΔU\|_max/（m/s）	0.0085	0.0025	0.003
（\|ΔU\|_max/U）/%	0.85	0.25	0.3

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表 14 有无前端壁情形过杆顶中心水平线的速度差最大值

Table 14. Maximum velocity difference along the horizontal line passing through the rod top center between the case with front wall and the case without front wall

参数	支杆位置x/m
参数	2	5	8
\|ΔU\|_max/（m/s）	0.001	0.0011	0.0011
（\|ΔU\|_max/U）/%	0.1	0.11	0.11

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