可持续航空燃料安全标准发展历程及趋势

甘宸宇; 丁水汀; 邱天; 马清琳; 鲍圣宇

doi:10.13224/j.cnki.jasp.20230201

可持续航空燃料安全标准发展历程及趋势

doi: 10.13224/j.cnki.jasp.20230201

甘宸宇^1,,
丁水汀²,
邱天^3,*, ,,
马清琳¹,
鲍圣宇³

1.
北京航空航天大学能源与动力工程学院，北京 100191
2.
中国民航大学，天津 300300
3.
北京航空航天大学航空发动机研究院，北京 100191

基金项目: 民用飞机专项科研（MJ-2020-D-09）

详细信息

作者简介:
甘宸宇（1994-），男，博士生，主要从事航空发动机系统安全性、可持续航空燃料安全评估研究。E-mail：grancy@buaa.edu.cn

通讯作者:
邱天（1986-），男，副研究员，博士，主要从事航空发动机安全性设计和验证技术研究。E-mail：qiutian@buaa.edu.cn

中图分类号: V239
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-03-29
- 网络出版日期: 2024-03-14

History and trends in the development of safety standards for sustainable aviation fuels

1.
School of Energy and Power Engineering，Beihang University，Beijing 100191，China
2.
Civil Aviation University of China，Tianjin 300300，China
3.
Research Institute of Aero-Engine，Beihang University，Beijing 100191，China

摘要

摘要:
可持续航空燃料被视为航空碳减排的重要手段。航空燃料作为航空发动机的特殊部件，安全性认证是其应用的最重要前提。适航标准和燃油技术标准共同指导可持续航空燃料的发展，并形成了燃料相关的安全标准体系。为促进我国建立自主可持续航空燃料安全标准体系，对现行相关标准进行了梳理和分析。选取其中最具代表性的ASTM D4054和ASTM D7566标准，全面回顾了演变历程，总结了修订方向。研究发现：可持续航空燃料相关标准体系的修订主要集中在认证主体、审批流程、燃料性质和测定方法要求4个方面。展望了我国自主认证体系发展趋势，结合我国航空业发展现状，提出了本土产业兼容的可持续航空燃料安全认证流程，为完善我国自主可持续航空燃料安全标准体系提供了技术支持。
- 可持续航空燃料 /
- 安全性 /
- 适航性 /
- 认证标准 /
- 发展历程 /
- 趋势分析
Abstract:
Sustainable aviation fuel is considered an important means of reducing aviation carbon emissions. As a special component of aero-engines, safety certification is the most important prerequisite for the application of aviation fuel. Airworthiness standards and fuel technical standards jointly guide the development of sustainable aviation fuels and form the safety standard system related to fuels. In order to promote the establishment of an independent safety standard system for sustainable aviation fuels in China, relevant standards were sorted out and analyzed. The most representative ASTM D4054 and ASTM D7566 standards were selected to summarize the direction of revision. The research found that the revision of the sustainable aviation fuel-related standard system mainly focused on four aspects: certification body, approval process, fuel properties, and measurement method requirements. The development trend of China’s independent certification system was prospected. Combining with current development status of China’s aviation industry, a sustainable aviation fuel safety certification process compatible with local industries was proposed to provide technical support for improving China’s independent safety standard system for sustainable aviation fuels.
- sustainable aviation fuels /
- safety /
- airworthiness /
- certification standards /
- development history /
- trend analysis

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图 1 当前标准的安全性与通用性特征

Figure 1. Safety and universality features of current standards

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图 2 ASTM D7566与D4054修订次数统计

Figure 2. Statistics on revisions of ASTM D7566 and D4054

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图 3 当前ASTM D4054审批流程^[20]

Figure 3. Current ASTM D4054 approval process^[20]

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图 4 自主标准应具有的特征

Figure 4. Characteristics expected of autonomous standards

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图 5 基于标准认证设施的自主认证流程

Figure 5. Autonomous certification process based on standard certification facilities

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表 1 AC 20-24D中燃料批准涉及的FAR条款列表

Table 1. List of FAR terms in fuel approval in AC 20-24D

FAR条款号	条款条目
33.4	持续适航说明
33.5	安装和操作发动机的指导
33.7	发动机操作限制
33.17	防火
33.19	耐久性
33.21	发动机冷却
33.28	发动机控制系统
33.65	喘振和失速特性
33.67	燃油系统
33.72	液压驱动系统
33.73	动力或推力响应
33.82	总体
33.85	校准测试
33.87	持久测试
33.89	运行试验
33.91	发动机部件测试
33.93	拆卸检查
33.99	总体进行块测试

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表 2 航空涡轮燃料国际燃油技术标准

Table 2. International fuel technical standards for aviation turbine fuel

国家	标准体系	标准编号	标准名称	生效时间
中国	MH/T	MH/T 6106-2014	含合成烃航空喷气燃料技术要求	2014
	CTSO	CTSO 2C701a	含合成烃的民用航空喷气燃料	2022
	CTSO	CTSO 2C702a	民用航空喷气燃料	2022
	GB	GB 6537-2018	3号喷气燃料	2018
美国	ASTM	ASTM D1655-22	Standard specification for aviation turbine fuels	2022
		ASTM D4054-22	Standard practice for evaluation of new aviation turbine fuels and fuel additives	2022
		ASTM D7223-21	Standard specification for aviation certification turbine fuel	2021
		ASTM D7566-22	Standard specification for aviation turbine fuel containing synthesized hydrocarbons	2022
	MIL-DTL	MIL-DTL 5624 Revision W	Detail specification, turbine fuel, aviation, grades JP-4 and JP-5	2016
	MIL-DTL	MIL-DTL 83133 Revision K	Detail specification, turbine fuel, aviation kerosene type, JP-8, NATO F-35, and JP-8+100	2018
英国	DEF STAN	DEF STAN 91-86 Issue 6	Turbine fuel, aviation kerosine type: high flash type, containing fuel system icing inhibitor	2009
		DEF STAN 91-087 Issue 7	Turbine fuel, aviation kerosine type, containing fuel system icing inhibitor	2022
		DEF STAN 91-091 Issue 14	Turbine fuel, kerosine type, jet a-1	2022
俄罗斯（前苏联）	GOST	GOST 10227-86	Jet fuels specification	1987
加拿大	CGSB	CAN/CGSB 3.23-2019	Aviation turbine fuel （Grades Jet A and Jet A-1）	2019
加拿大	CGSB	CAN/CGSB 3.24-2018	Aviation Turbine Fuel （Military Grades F-34 and F-44）	2018

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表 3 ASTM D7566和ASTM D4054的历史修订和重要更新^[20-21]

Table 3. Historical revisions and important updates for ASTM D7566 and ASTM D4054^[20-21]

年份	D7566	D4054
～2009		燃料添加剂审批标准
2009	首次发布附件A1（SPK），最高掺混比50%	变更标准名；将燃料纳入审批范围；增加审批程序
2010	增加对微生物污染和金属元素的要求	增加关于性能和相容性的附件
2011	附件A2（HEFA SPK），最高掺混比50%
2012	增加引用文件，明确了向D1655的转换方式
2013	将D4054加入引用文件
2014	附件A3（SIP），最高掺混比10% 增加测试方法标准；修改烟点的要求范围
2015	附件A4（SPK/A），最高掺混比50% 增加测试方法标准
2016	附件A5（ATJ-SPK），最高掺混比30% 增加引用文件；增加测试和计量方法标准	增加测试方法标准；细化测试要求
2017	增加测试方法标准	明确由OEM（而不是ASTM）承担评估责任
2018	调整A5（ATJ-SPK）最高掺混比至50% 增加测试方法标准
2019	附件A6（CHJ），最高掺混比50%	增加测试方法标准；增加快速审批以及相应的附件
2020	附件A7（HC-HEFA SPK），最高掺混比30% 增加测试方法标准	增加测试方法标准；修订快速审批部分；增加属性需求中的金属元素范围
2021	微小修订	修订适用范围；更新许可流程
2022	拓宽对生产过程以及可掺混合成原料的描述	更新快速审批许可流程

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