Research progress in application of carbon graphite sealing materials for aero-engine
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摘要:
针对航空发动机用炭石墨密封材料及封严技术，详细概述炭石墨密封材料在航空发动机封严系统中的典型应用场景、发展历程、失效模式、国内外研究现状和服役性能要求等，重点阐述其不同制备工艺存在的优劣，并为其未来发展方向提出建议。结果表明：炭石墨密封材料在航空发动机中应用较为普遍，国内自主研制炭石墨密封材料的物理性能与国外非常接近，部分指标甚至更为优异，基本满足了我国新一代高性能航空发动机的选材要求，重要型号已实现自主可控。但在长期服役过程中，部分国产炭石墨密封材料的批次稳定性、可加工性、均质性、高温抗氧化性、成膜性、摩擦因数、磨损率和服役寿命等与国外原装航空发动机用炭石墨密封材料仍存在一定差距。这主要归因于国产炭石墨密封材料未能实现结构-功能一体化的有效构建。
Abstract:Targeting the carbon graphite sealing materials and sealing technology for aero-engine, the typical application scenarios, development history, failure modes, research status at home and abroad, as well as the service performance requirements of carbon-graphite sealing materials in aero-engine sealing systems were described in detail. The advantages and disadvantages of its different preparation processes were emphasized, and suggestions were made for its future development direction. The results showed that carbon graphite sealing materials are widely used in aero engines. The physical properties of carbon graphite sealing materials independently developed in China were very close to those abroad, and some indicators were even better. They basically met the material selection requirements for China’s new generation of high-performance aero-engine, and important models achieved independent controllability. However, the batch stability, processability, homogeneity, high temperature oxidation resistance, film formation, friction factor, wear rate and service life of some domestic carbon graphite sealing materials still had a certain gap with foreign original carbon graphite sealing materials for aircraft engines in the process of long-term service, mainly due to the failure of domestic carbon graphite sealing materials to achieve the effective construction of structure-function integration.
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图 3 圆周石墨密封结构
1 密封座；2 防转销；3 拉簧；4 石墨环；5 压缩弹簧；6 卡圈。
Figure 3. Circular graphite seal structure
图 7 航空发动机用炭石墨密封材料脱落/掉边、脆断和氧化脱落的电子照片
Figure 7. Electronic photographs of carbon graphite seals falling off, brittle break and oxidative fall off for aircraft engines
表 1 航空发动机用炭石墨密封材料的型号、工作条件及使用部位[34]
Table 1. Type, working conditions and use position of carbon graphite sealing materials for aircraft engines[34]
类别 型号 工作条件 使用部位 电化石墨 HT-1 1） 适用介质：热空气、航空滑油、液压油、燃油等。
2） 使用温度：≤ 773.15 K。
3） 线速度：98 m/s。主轴承端面密封，放气活门（涨圈、衬套）液压系统，燃油系统 电化石墨 HT-2 1） 适用介质：热空气、航空滑油、液压油、燃油等。
2） 使用温度：≤ 773.15 K。
3） 线速度：110 m/s。主轴承密封、液压系统、
燃油系统电化石墨 HT-3 1） 适用介质：热空气、航空滑油、液压油、燃油等。
2） 使用温度：≤ 637.15 K。
3） 线速度：30 m/s。主轴承涨圈密封 电化石墨 HT-4 1） 适用介质：热空气。
2） 使用温度：≤ 773.15 K。
3） 压力：≤ 0.98 MPa。放气活门（涨圈、衬套） 浸渍碳-石墨 HT-H-1 1） 适用介质：航空滑油、液压油、燃油。
2） 使用温度：≤ 498.15 K。
3） 压力：≤ 1.08 MPa。涡轴发动机转轴密封、液压系统、燃油系统 浸渍碳-石墨 HT-H-2 1） 适用介质：航空滑油、热空气。
2） 使用温度：≤ 498.15 K。
3） 线速度：37 m/s。主轴涨圈密封 
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表 2 HT-1、HT-2、HT-3、HT-4、HT-H-1和HT-H-2的主要物理性能参数[34]
Table 2. Main physical performance parameters of HT-1，HT-2，HT-3，HT-4，HT-H-1 and HT-H-2[34]
物理性能参数 HT-1 HT-2 HT-3 HT-4 HT-H-1 HT-H-2 体积密度/（g/cm3） ≥1.80 ≥1.80 ≥1.90 ≥1.75 ≥1.60 ≥1.80 肖氏硬度（HS） 45～70 70～80 50～70 ≥60 洛氏硬度（HR 10/60） 110～125 120～128 抗折强度/MPa ≥44 ≥39 ≥55 ≥39 ≥49 ≥63 抗压强度/MPa ≥98 ≥98 ≥127 ≥88 ≥118 ≥186 开口气孔率/% ≤7.0 ≤7.0 ≤5.0 ≤8.0 ≤2.0 ≤2.0 弹性模量/GPa 10.8～14.7 12.5～16.9 12.5～16.9 9.3～12.7 10.0～13.5 11.7～15.8 热膨胀系数/10−6·K−1 ≤5.3 ≤4.0 ≤4.5 ≤5.0 ≤5.5 ≤5.5 导热系数/（W/（m·K）） ≥21 ≥69 ≥69 ≥30 ≥4 ≥12 摩擦因数（45#钢） ≤0.15 ≤0.20 ≤0.20 ≤0.15 ≤0.20 摩擦因数（45#钢镀铬） ≤0.25 ≤0.25 ≤0.25 ≤0.25 ≤0.25 抗氧化失重/
（mg/cm3·h）498.15 K, 2 h① ≤4.0 ≤2.0 723.15 K, 2 h② ≤0.5 ≤0.5 773.15 K, 2 h③ ≤4.5 ≤4.5 ≤4.5 ≤4.5 注：表中上标①为空气氛围下，498.15 K处理2 h；②为空气氛围下，723.15 K处理2 h；③为空气氛围下，773.15 K处理2 h。
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物理性能 ATΓ HИΓPAH-B KC170 JP932 P-03XHT EY9106 M234AO 体积密度/（g/cm3） 1.80 1.80 1.60 1.85 1.91 1.7 ≥1.8 肖氏硬度（HS） 65 75 75 50 抗折强度/MPa 50 60 25 70 55 31 ≥44 抗压强度/MPa 120 160 50 210 155 70 ≥98 开气孔率/% 8 5 ≤7 弹性模量/GPa 14 14 17 4.7 导热系数/（W/（m·K）） 95 28 25 69 热膨胀系数/10−6·K−1 7.0 5.0 4.0 4.2 3.8 最高使用温度/K 573.15 873.15 923.15 浸渍物质 树脂 磷酸盐 树脂 磷酸盐
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表 4 国产部分炭石墨密封材料的物理性能参数
Table 4. Physical properties parameters of some domestic carbon graphite sealing materials
物理性能 T482-Ⅰ M272 M106H ASG-P IPG M210W M211W 体积密度/（g/cm3） ≥1.95 ≥1.75 ≥1.60 1.95～2.05 >1.8 ≥1.9 ≥1.8 肖氏硬度（HS） 75～95 50～70 ≥60 70～95 40～65 55～65 显微硬度/MPa 300～700 抗折强度/MPa ≥70 ≥39 ≥60 ≥60 >90 ≥40 ≥45 抗压强/MPa ≥150 ≥88 ≥49 ≥150 >190 ≥100 ≥98 开气孔率/% ≤3 ≤8 ≤2 ≤0.5 ≤4 ≤3 弹性模量/GPa ≥13 9.3～12.7 10.0～13.5 12～18 9～14 12.5～16.9 导热系数/（W/（m·K）） ≥40 ≥30 ≥4 ≥40 30～50 ≥60 热膨胀系数/10−6·K−1 ≤5.5 ≤5.0 ≤5.5 5.0～7.0 6.5～8.5 3.0～5.5 ≤6 摩擦因数 ≤0.1 ≤0.25 ≤0.25 ≤0.3 ≤0.3 ≤0.3 抗氧化失重率/%
（923.15 K×50 h）≤5 ≤5 ≤5 ≤5 石墨化度/% ≥80 ≥85 ≥85 PV值/（MPa·m/s） ≥20 浸渍物质 磷酸盐 磷酸盐 环氧树脂 磷酸盐 磷酸盐 磷酸盐 参考文献来源 文献[65] 文献[35] 文献[35] 文献[77] 文献[88] 文献[69] 文献[69]
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