Primary breakup characteristics of liquid jets in non-uniform flow
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摘要:
实验研究了液体射流喷射到速度为线性分布的横向来流中的初始破碎特征，通过高速相机结合背光法对射流破碎模式、柱破碎点、射流表面波和表面速度等破碎特性进行提取和分析，并对射流的变形和穿透规律进行了描述。在常压、320 K环境中，针对5种不均匀度来流速度分布，选取平均射流动量比为20～80、平均气流韦伯数为5.6～40工况进行实验。结果表明：正梯度来流延迟了初始破碎的发生，负梯度来流使得初始破碎提前；当来流不均匀时，射流的变形、穿透及表面波都变得复杂，并且提前或延迟了柱破碎点位置。唯象分析可以有效地解释和关联非均匀来流下的液体射流初级破裂特性的测量结果，并提出了适应本实验条件下的射流变形和柱破碎高度的预测表达式。
Abstract:Experiments were conducted to investigate the primary breakup characteristics of liquid jets injected into a crossflow with linear distribution of incoming velocity. Jet breakup modes, column breakup point, jet surface wave and surface velocity were extracted and analyzed by high-speed camera combined with backlighting method, and the deformation and penetration laws of the jet were described. Experiments were conducted on five structures at atmospheric pressure and 320 K environment with selection of average momentum ratio 20—80 and gas Weber number 5.6—40. The results showed that the positive gradient delayed the breakup modes and the negative gradient advanced it; when the incoming flow was non-uniform, the jet deformation, penetration, and surface wave became complicated, which also delayed or advanced the location of the column breakup point. Phenomenological analysis can effectively explain and correlate the measurements of the primary breakup characteristics of liquid jets with non-uniform incoming flow, and the predictive expressions for jet deformation and column breakup height adapted to the conditions of this experiment were presented.
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Key words:
- liquid jet /
- gaseous crossflow /
- non-uniform flow /
- primary breakup /
- average Weber number
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图 4 喷嘴处沿Y方向上气流速度分布
Figure 4. Incoming velocity distribution at the nozzle in the Y direction
图 5 $ \overline {q} $=20时，流向上不同平均韦伯数下不同梯度喷雾瞬时图像
Figure 5. Instantaneous images of different gradient at different average Weber numbers for $ \overline {q} $=20 in the jet flowing direction
图 6 $ \overline {q} $=20时，展向上不同平均韦伯数下不同梯度喷雾瞬时图像
Figure 6. Instantaneous images of different gradient at different average Weber numbers for $ \overline {q} $=20 in the jet spreading direction
图 7 不同梯度下的破碎模式图（$ {\overline {We}}_{\rm{g}}{\text{-}}\overline {q} $）
Figure 7. Breakup mode patterns for different gradients （$ {\overline {We}}_{\rm{g}}{\text{-}}\overline {q} $）
图 9 不同梯度下液柱变形随射流穿透深度的变化（流向，${\overline {We}}_{\rm{g}} $=5.6，$\overline {q} $=20）
Figure 9. Variation of liquid column deformation with jet penetration depth at different gradients （the flowing direction， ${\overline {We}}_{\rm{g}} $=5.6, $\overline {q} $=20）
图 10 破碎前液柱流向上变形与$ \overline {q} $的关系（${\overline {We}}_{\rm{g}} $=8）
Figure 10. Relationship between the deformation size of the liquid column and $ \overline {q} $ in the flowing direction before breakup （${\overline {We}}_{\rm{g}} $=8）
图 11 破碎前液柱流向变形与$ {\overline {We}}_{\rm{g}} $的关系（$\overline q $=40）
Figure 11. Relationship between the deformation size of the liquid column and $ {\overline {We}}_{\rm{g}} $ in the flowing direction before breakup （$\overline q $=40）
图 12 破碎前液柱展向变形与$ {\overline {We}}_{\rm{g}} $、$ \overline {q} $的关系
Figure 12. Relationship between the spreading deformation of the liquid column and $ {\overline {We}}_{\rm{g}} $，$ \overline {q} $ before breakup
图 13 均匀流下展向变形与拟合公式对比
Figure 13. Comparison of spreading deformation and fitting equation under uniform flow
图 15 不同梯度下波长随${\overline {We}}_{\rm{g}} $的变化（$\overline q = 40 $）
Figure 15. Variation of wavelength with $ {\overline {We}}_{\rm{g}} $ at different gradients （$\overline q = 40 $）
图 16 不同梯度下波长随$\overline {q} $的变化（${\overline {We}}_{\rm{g}} = 8 $）
Figure 16. Variation of wavelength with $ \overline {q} $ at different gradients （${\overline {We}}_{\rm{g}} = 8 $）
图 17 液柱表面波运动速度（沿液体射流方向，$\overline q=40， \overline {We}_{\mathrm{g}}=8 $）
Figure 17. Surface velocities of liquid column（along the liquid jet direction，$\overline q=40，\overline {We}_{\mathrm{g}}=8 $）
图 18 液柱表面波运动速度（沿气体来流方向，$\overline q=40， \overline {We}_{\mathrm{g}}=8 $）
Figure 18. Surface velocities of liquid column（along the jet flowing direction，$\overline q=40， \overline {We}_{\mathrm{g}}=8 $）
图 20 柱破碎高度与$ \overline {q} $关系图（$\overline {We}_{\mathrm{g}}=8 $）
Figure 20. Plot of column breakup height versus $ \overline {q} $ （$\overline {We}_{\mathrm{g}}=8 $）
图 21 柱破碎距离与$\overline {q} $关系图（$\overline {We_{\mathrm{g}}}=8 $）
Figure 21. Plot of column breakup distance versus $ \overline {q} $ （$\overline {We_{\mathrm{g}}}=8 $）
图 22 柱破碎高度与${\overline {We}}_{\rm{g}} $关系图（$\overline q=40 $）
Figure 22. Plot of column breakup height versus $ {\overline {We}}_{\rm{g}} $ （$\overline q=40 $）
图 23 柱破碎距离与${\overline {We}}_{\rm{g}} $关系图（$\overline q=40 $）
Figure 23. Plot of column breakup distance versus $ {\overline {We}}_{\rm{g}} $ （$\overline q=40 $）
表 1 速度分布表
Table 1. Incoming velocity distribution
结构 $ \overline {{u}_{{\mathrm{g}}}} $/（m/s） 气流速度分布 k u0 k/u0 S1 21.24 $ u=6.07+506Y $ 506 6.07 83.4 S2 $ u=12.14+303Y $ 303 12.14 25 S3 $ u=21.24 $ 0 21.24 0 S4 $ u=30.34-303Y $ −303 30.34 −10 S5 $ u=36.41-506Y $ −506 36.41 −13.9 S1 25.06 $ u=7.16+597Y $ 597 7.16 83.4 S2 $ u=14.32+358Y $ 358 14.32 25 S3 $ u=25.06 $ 0 25.06 0 S4 $ u=35.8-358Y $ −358 35.8 −10 S5 $ u=42.96-597Y $ −597 42.96 −13.9 S1 34.98 $ u=10+833.5Y $ 833.5 10 83.4 S2 $ u=20+500Y $ 500 20 25 S3 $ u=34.98 $ 0 34.98 0 S4 $ u=50-500Y $ −500 50 −10 S5 $ u=60-833.5Y $ −833.5 60 −139 S1 55.45 $ u=15.84+1\;320Y $ 1320 15.84 83.3 S2 $ u=31.68+792Y $ 792 31.68 25 S3 $ u=55.45 $ 0 55.45 0 S4 $ u=79.2-792Y $ −792 79.2 −10 S5 $ u=95.06-1\;320Y $ − 1320 95.06 −13.9 
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表 2 实验工况表
Table 2. Experimental working conditions
工况 平均气流
速度$ \overline {{u}_{\rm{g}}} $/（m/s）液体喷射
速度$ {v}_{{\mathrm{j}}} $/（m/s）平均射流
动量比$ \overline {q} $平均
韦伯数$ \overline {We}_{\rm{g}} $1 21.24 3.06 20 5.6 2 21.24 4.16 40 5.6 3 21.24 5.20 60 5.6 4 21.24 6.55 80 5.6 5 25.06 3.74 20 8 6 25.06 5.35 40 8 7 25.06 6.47 60 8 8 25.06 7.57 80 8 9 34.98 5.25 20 16 10 34.98 7.52 40 16 11 34.98 9.29 60 16 12 55.45 8.40 20 40 13 55.45 12.16 40 40 14 55.45 14.60 60 40
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