超声速民机推进系统发展趋势及难点分析

刘传凯; 王家俊; 霍满; 丁水汀; 董昊宇; 杜慧鹏; 许全宏; 杜林

doi:10.13224/j.cnki.jasp.20240139

超声速民机推进系统发展趋势及难点分析

doi: 10.13224/j.cnki.jasp.20240139

1.
北京航空航天大学航空发动机研究院，北京 102206
2.
中国商用飞机有限责任公司北京民用飞机技术研究中心，北京 102211

基金项目: 航空发动机及燃气轮机基础科学中心项目（P2021-A-Ⅰ-001-001）；北京航空航天大学博士研究生卓越学术基金

详细信息

作者简介:
刘传凯（1979-），男，副研究员、博士生导师，博士，主要研究方向为发动机总体性能与仿真。E-mail：1056781387@qq.com

中图分类号: V231
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-03-12
- 网络出版日期: 2024-09-13

Development trend and difficulty analysis of supersonic civil aircraft propulsion system

1.
Research Institute of Aero-Engine，Beihang University，Beijing 102206，China
2.
Beiing Aircraft Technology Research Institute，Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China Limited，Beijing 102211，China

摘要

摘要:
未来超声速民机具有客观市场前景，经济性、环保型、舒适性兼备的推进系统研制是其关键。梳理了超声速民机的整体发展情况；对比分析了超声速民机动力系统在低油耗、低噪声、低排放方面与亚声速民机动力系统的设计区别与挑战；剖析了目前涡喷构型、中涵道比涡扇构型、变循环构型发动机在作为超声速民机动力系统的优势及瓶颈；分析了油耗、排放、噪声难以兼顾的内在原理。研究提出了通过提升发动机通流能力来兼顾油耗、噪声、排放三大难题的思路，并从低压涡轮功受限和内涵道通流面积受限两方面剖析了限制目前发动机通流能力的主要原因；还提出了须在变循环发动机气动热力布局原始创新的基础上，发展性能、排放、噪声一体化设计与评估方法，支撑实现未来超声速客机推进系统油耗水平、排放水平、噪声水平同步提升的发展思路，为超声速民机动力系统研制提供参考和支撑。
- 超声速民机 /
- 推进系统 /
- 低油耗 /
- 低噪声 /
- 低排放
Abstract:
The supersonic civil aircraft has objective market prospect in the future, and the key lies in development of propulsion system with economy, environmental protection and comfort. The overall development of supersonic civil aircraft was analyzed. The design differences and challenges of supersonic civil aircraft propulsion system with low fuel consumption, low noise and low emission were compared and analyzed with those of subsonic civil aircraft propulsion system. The advantages and bottlenecks of turbojet configuration, medium-bypass turbofan configuration and variable cycle configuration engines as supersonic civil aircraft propulsion systems were discussed in detail. The internal principle of difficulty in taking into full account the fuel consumption, emission and noise was analyzed. An idea of taking fuel consumption, noise and emission into full account by improving engine flow capacity was put forward, and the main reasons for limiting the current engine flow capacity were analyzed from two aspects: low-pressure turbine work limitation and inner bypass flow area limitation. Finally, based on the original innovation of aero-thermal layout of variable cycle engine, for the purpose of providing reference and support for the development of supersonic civil aircraft propulsion system, the integrated design and evaluation methods for performance, emission and noise should be developed to support the development idea of realizing simultaneous development of future supersonic civil aircraft propulsion system’s fuel consumption level, emission level and noise level.
- supersonic civil aircraft /
- propulsion system /
- low fuel consumption /
- low noise /
- low emission

HTML

图 1 部分小型超声速公务机速域范围^[15]

Figure 1. Some small supersonic business jet speed range^[15]

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图 2 部分小型超声速公务机航程^[15]

Figure 2. Some small supersonic business jet range^[15]

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图 3 发动机耗油率随时间变化趋势^[18]

Figure 3. Trend of engine fuel consumption with time^[18]

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图 4 NOx排放标准与CAEP2相比随时间变化趋势^[25]

Figure 4. Change trend of NOx emission standard compared with CAEP2 over time^[25]

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图 5 NOx排放水平与燃烧进气温度关系^[17]

Figure 5. Relationship between NOx emission level and combustion inlet air temperature^[17]

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图 6 允许累计噪声级相对变化随时间变化趋势^[17]

Figure 6. Allow cumulative noise level relative change trend over time^[17]

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图 7 Olympus 593涡喷发动机构型

Figure 7. Olympus 593 turbojet configuration

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图 8 Affinity发动机

Figure 8. Affinity engine

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图 9 交响乐发动机

Figure 9. Symphony engine

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图 10 MTF构型^[41]

Figure 10. MTF configuration^[41]

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图 11 叶尖风扇发动机^[42]

Figure 11. Flade on fan engine^[42]

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图 12 MNE构型^[41]

Figure 12. MNE configuration^[41]

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图 13 IVP发动机

Figure 13. IVP engine

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图 14 中冷涡轮风扇（IC-TF）^[17]

Figure 14. Intercooled turbofan （IC-TF）^[17]

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图 15 气流转换阀发动机^[42]

Figure 15. Inverting flow valve engine^[42]

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图 16 串联风扇（TF）^[17]

Figure 16. Tandem fan （TF）^[17]

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图 17 变流路控制发动机

Figure 17. Variable flow control engine

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图 18 现有发动机构型的局限性

Figure 18. Limitations of existing engine configurations

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图 19 典型涡喷/涡扇发动机通流特性

Figure 19. Typical turbojet/turbofan engine flow characteristic

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图 20 现有发动机通流能力不足的原因分析

Figure 20. Analysis on the cause of insufficient flow capacity of existing engine

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表 1 超声速研发项目

Table 1. Trend of engine fuel consumption with time

年份	计划
1962～1972	超声速客机项目
1971～1981	超声速巡航研究
1976～1981	变循环发动机项目
1990～1999	高速研究计划
2000～2006	静音超声速平台
1997～2006	国家超声速运输机试验
1994～1999	下一代超声速研究项目
2005～2009	环境友好高速飞行器计划

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表 2 Olympus 593循环参数^[17]

Table 2. Olympus 593 cycle parameters^[17]

参数	起飞（ Ma=0，H=0 m）	跨声速（ Ma=1.36，H=10700 m）	巡航（Ma=2.0，H=16100 m）
F/kN	169	101.9	44
r_SFC/（kg/（daN·h））	1.38	1.20	1.28
T_TET/K	1350	1520	1390
T₃/K	673	725	779
E_EI,NOx/（g/kg）	12.9	17.0	16.2
V₉/（m/s）	862	1058	1058

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表 3 Ma=2.0、 H=16100 m状态参数对比^[17]

Table 3. Ma=2.0, H=16100 m comparison of state parameters^[17]

类型	T_TET/K	r_SFC/（kg/（daN·h））	T₃/K	E_EI,NOx /（g/kg）	V₉/（m/s）
Olympus 593	1390	1.28	779	16.2	1058
MTF构型		1.06		40.2	821
TF构型		1.158		35.3	899
SBVCE构型	1660	1.26	950	25.7	1028
IC-TF	1322	1.27	551	5	1054

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表 4 Ma=1.36、H=10700 m状态参数对比^[17]

Table 4. Ma=1.36, H=10700 m comparison of state parameters^[17]

类型	T_TET/K	r_SFC/（kg/（daN·h））	T₃/K	E_EI,NOx /（g/kg）	V₉/（m/s）
Olympus 593	1520	1.20	725	17.0	1058
MTF构型		0.972		39	739
TF构型		0.995		35.9	815
SBVCE构型	1750	1.134	889	27.1	993
IC-TF构型	1420	1.20	470	4.9	1059

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表 5 不同变循环发动机对比

Table 5. Comparison of different variable-cycle engines

类型	降低噪声的主要措施	降低排放的主要措施	不足
MTF构型	旁路辅助进气, 中间串联风扇减小半径，降低切线速度		混合室总压不平衡程度加剧，需要较高涡轮前温度支撑较大外涵流量，排放恶化严重
Flade构型	增加Flade涵道降低喷流噪声, 同时Flade涵道起噪声屏蔽作用		安装性能较差
MNE构型	喷管前增加辅助进气口降低排气速度		需要较长混合区，未兼顾排放
IVP构型	变涵道组合排气（IVP喷管）		未兼顾排放
IC-TF构型		燃烧室进气预冷	间冷器增大质量，内涵排气速度无法降低，未兼顾噪声
IFVE构型	增大外涵道流量降低排气速度	降低燃烧室进气压力	气流转化阀复杂，气动稳定性问题突出
TF构型	增大外涵道流量降低排气速度	降低燃烧室进气压力	需要较高涡轮前温度支撑较大外涵流量，排放恶化严重
VSCE构型	多燃烧室组合调控	低污染燃烧室组合温度控制	外涵燃烧室外没有涵道隔离燃烧产生的噪声

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