Data-driven engine performance digital twin modeling and interpretability analysis
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摘要:
提出了一种数据驱动的航空发动机性能数字孪生(PDT)模型及应用框架,用于发动机的性能监测和健康评估。该框架采用半监督深度学习方法构建数据驱动的性能数字孪生模型,用于计算多维特征表征气路性能状态、增强气路性能监测和健康评估的输入特征空间,在此基础上建立基于XGBoost的气路故障监测和隔离模型、基于时序特征的健康状态评估模型。分别在某型民用航空发动机quick access recorder(QAR)数据以及在NASA N-CMAPSS公开数据上验证所提方法的有效性,并结合Shapley加合解释(SHAP)方法探讨PDT模型可解释性。验证结果表明:PDT模型及应用框架气路关键性能参数预测相对误差小于0.6%,基于NASA N-CMAPSS数据的故障检测率达到95%以上且故障隔离准确率达到86%。
Abstract:A data-driven gas turbine performance digital twin (PDT) model and its application framework for performance monitoring and health assessment were proposed. In this framework, a data-driven performance digital twin was constructed using semi-supervised deep learning methods, which were used to calculate multidimensional features to characterize the performance status of gas pipelines, and to enhance the input feature space for gas path component fault diagnosis and performance monitoring. Based on this, a gas path fault monitoring and isolation model, a health state assessment model were developed utilizing the XGBoost method. The integrated framework’s performance was tested on quick access recorder (QAR) data from a civil aviation engine model, and NASA N-CMAPSS dataset and relevant indicators were introduced to evaluate the proposed method. The interpretability of the data-driven performance digital twin model was explored using the Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) method. The verification results showed that the proposed data-driven PDT modeling and application framework had a relative error of less than 0.6% in the prediction of key performance parameters of gas paths, and can successfully detect more than 95% faults based on NASA N-CMAPSS data, with the fault isolation accuracy reaching 86%.
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表 1 发动机PDT模型输入参数
Table 1. PDT model input parameters of engine
参数名称及简写符号 单位 大气静温(SAT) ℃ 飞行高度(ALT) ft 马赫数(MH) 发动机低压转子转速(N1) % 发动机高压转子转速(N2) % HPC进口温度(T25) ℃ HPC出口温度(T3) ℃ HPC出口压力(PS3) kPa 发动机排气温度(EGT) ℃ 燃油计量活门开度(FMV) % 燃油质量流量(FFKG) kg/h 油门杆角度(TRA) (°) 滑油压力选择(OILP) 可调静子叶片位置(VSVP) (°) 可变放气活门位置(VBV) (°) 表 2 LSTM-AE 网络结构
Table 2. LSTM-AE network structure
网络层 输入维度 激活函数 输入层 (None, 20, 15) 0 LSTM (None, 20, 150) Sigmoid LSTM (None, 20, 50) Sigmoid LSTM (None, 20, 50) Sigmoid LSTM (None, 20, 150) Sigmoid LSTM (None, 1) Linear 表 3 关键性能参数的重构误差
Table 3. Reconstruction errors of key performance parameters
参数 数值 EGY RMSE/℃ 3.0578 RE/% 0.36 N1 RMSE/% 0.0795 RE/% 0.07 N2 RMSE/% 0.0836 RE/% 0.06 PS3 RMSE/kPa 0.8036 RE/% 0.42 T3 RMSE/℃ 3.0931 RE/% 0.28 T25 RMSE/℃ 1.0146 RE/% 0.57 表 4 工况条件及其物理量
Table 4. Operating conditions and physical measurement
参数名称及简写符号 单位 高度(ALT) ft 马赫数(MH) 油门杆角度(TRA) % 风扇进口总温(T2) °R 燃油质量流量(Wf) pph 风扇转速(Nf) r/min 核心机转速(Nc) r/min LPC出口总温(T24) °R HPC出口总温(T30) °R HPT出口总温(T48) °R LPT出口总温(T50) °R 风扇出口总压(P21) psia LPC出口总压(P24) psia HPC出口总压(Ps30) psia 燃烧室出口总压(P40) psia LPT出口总压(P50) psia 表 5 N-CMAPSS部分关键性能参数重构误差
Table 5. Reconstruction error of partial key performance parameters for N-CMAPSS
参数 数值 T48 RMSE/°R 1.27 RE/% 0.05 Wf RMSE/pps 0.006 RE/% 0.1 Nf RMSE/(r/min) 0.30 RE/% 0.01 Nc RMSE/(r/min) 1.55 RE/% 0.02 表 6 N-CMAPSS数据集故障模式
Table 6. N-CMAPSS dataset failure modes
故障
模式数据集 单元
数量运行
条件Fan LPC HPC HPT LPT E F E F E F E F E F 1 DS01 10 1, 2, 3 √ 2 DS02 9 1, 2, 3 √ √ √ 3 DS03 15 1, 2, 3 √ √ √ 4 DS04 10 2, 3 √ √ 5 DS05 10 1, 2, 3 √ √ 6 DS06 10 1, 2, 3 √ √ √ √ 7 DS07 10 1, 2, 3 √ √ 8 DS08 54 1, 2, 3 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 表 7 混淆矩阵
Table 7. Confusion matrix
真实标签 预测标签 阴性(Negative) 阳性(Positive) 阴性(Negative) 真阴性(TN) 假阳性(FP) 阳性(Positive) 假阴性(FN) 真阳性(TP) 表 8 故障监测模型评价结果
Table 8. Evaluation results of fault monitoring model
数据集 故障监测
准确率(FDA)AUC 精确率(PPV) 灵敏度(TPR) 虚警率(FPR) 漏警率(FNR) DS01 0.92 0.92 0.95 0.92 0.09 0.08 DS02 0.78 0.7 0.75 1 0.61 0 DS03 0.88 0.86 0.9 0.92 0.20 0.08 DS04 0.82 0.75 0.88 0.89 0.4 0.11 DS05 0.86 0.81 0.84 0.97 0.35 0.03 DS06 0.86 0.80 0.85 0.96 0.36 0.04 DS07 0.9 0.87 0.90 0.96 0.21 0.04 平均结果 0.86 0.82 0.87 0.95 0.32 0.05 表 9 Tsfresh输入参数
Table 9. Input parameters of Tsfresh
序号 参数名称 1 T30 偏差值 2 T48偏差值 3 P40偏差值 4 P50偏差值 5 Nf偏差值 6 Nc偏差值 7 Wf偏差值 8 Id编号 9 爬升时间 表 10 利用Tsfresh提取并筛选的时序特征
Table 10. Extracting and filtering temporal features using Tsfresh
特征名称 描述 p值/10−30 T48_delta__abs_energy T48偏差值的平方和 1.37 T48_delta__mean_n_absolute_max__number_of_maxima_7 T48偏差值绝对最大值的算术平均值 1.37 T48_delta__absolute_maximum T48偏差值的最大值 1.57 T48_delta__root_mean_square T48偏差值的方均根值 2.52 P40_delta__cwt_coefficients__coeff_12__w_10__widths_(2, 5, 10, 20) P40偏差值的时频率分析(连续小波变换) 3.52 P40_delta__cwt_coefficients__coeff_11__w_10__widths_(2, 5, 10, 20) 3.64 P40_delta__cwt_coefficients__coeff_9__w_10__widths_(2, 5, 10, 20) 3.64 P40_delta__cwt_coefficients__coeff_10__w_10__widths_(2, 5, 10, 20) 3.64 P40_delta__cwt_coefficients__coeff_8__w_10__widths_(2, 5, 10, 20) 3.76 P40_delta__cwt_coefficients__coeff_13__w_10__widths_(2, 5, 10, 20) 4.02 表 11 HI计算模型评估结果
Table 11. Evaluation results of HI calculation model
测试用数据集 单调性 可预测性 趋势性 DS03(涡轮故障) 0.5 1 0.94 DS04(风扇故障) 0.33 0.88 0.86 DS05(压气机故障) 0.39 1 0.97 总体水平(均值) 0.4 0.96 0.92 表 12 不同故障模式监测模型的参数贡献度(SHAP值)
Table 12. Parameter contribution of different fault mode monitoring models (SHAP value)
DS01 DS02 DS03 DS04 DS05 DS06 DS07 2.38 (∆T50) 2.27 (∆T48) 2.84 (∆T48) 2.26 (∆P40) 1.73 (∆Nf) 1.77 (∆P40) 3.17 (∆T50) 1.19 (∆Nc) 1.21 (∆Nc) 0.99 (∆T50) 1.22 (∆P50) 1.5 (∆T48) 1.58 (∆T50) 1.49 (∆T48) 0.94 (∆T48) 0.88 (∆T50) 0.81 (∆Nf) 0.75 (∆P21) 1.02 (∆P40) 1.12 (∆P24) 0.73 (∆P24) 0.43 (∆Ps30) 0.74 (∆P40) 0.71 (∆P40) 0.66 (∆T50) 0.99 (∆Nc) 0.91 (∆T48) 0.5 (∆P21) 0.4 (∆P40) 0.41 (∆P24) 0.61 (∆P40) 0.55 (∆T48) 0.7 (∆T50) 0.9 (∆Nc) 0.42 (∆T30) 0.37 (∆P50) 0.4 (∆P21) 0.59 (∆P24) 0.46 (∆Ps30) 0.63 (∆Ps30) 0.49 (∆Nf) 0.4 (∆Nc) 0.33 (∆P21) 0.28 (∆Nf) 0.49 (∆P50) 0.39 (∆Wf) 0.55 (∆T30) 0.35 (TRA) 0.38 (∆Wf) 0.27 (∆Wf) 0.26 (∆Ps30) 0.46 (T48) 0.35 (∆T30) 0.35 (Nf) 0.29 (∆T30) 0.31 (∆Ps30) 0.25 (Nc) 0.24 (TRA) 0.3 (∆Ps30) 0.34 (∆Nf) 0.24 (T24) 0.25 (Nf) 0.3 (∆P40) 表 13 故障隔离模型的参数贡献度(SHAP值)
Table 13. Parameter contribution of fault isolation model (SHAP value)
正常样本 DS01 DS02和DS03 DS04 DS05 DS06 DS07 0类 1类 2类 3类 4类 5类 6类 1.9 (∆Ps30) 0.73 (∆Wf) 1.51 (∆Nc) 1.07 (∆Wf) 2.29 (∆P50) 1.48 (∆P50) 0.93 (∆P50) 0.93 (∆P21) 0.55 (∆Nc) 1.11 (∆Wf) 0.51 (∆Nc) 0.46 (∆P40) 1.03 (∆P24) 0.89 (∆Wf) 0.47 (∆T50) 0.48 (∆P24) 0.65 (∆T50) 0.29 (∆T50) 0.37 (∆P24) 0.76 (∆T30) 0.57 (∆P24) 0.11 (∆T30) 0.4 (∆T30) 0.4 (∆P50) 0.24 (∆P50) 0.19 (∆Nf) 0.28 (∆Wf) 0.48 (∆Nc) 0.08 (∆T48) 0.32 (∆T50) 0.3 (∆T24 0.14 (∆Nf) 0.17 (∆P21) 0.07 (∆T50) 0.41 (∆T48) 0.06 (∆T24) 0.31 (∆T48) 0.29 (∆T48)) 0.07 (∆P24) 0.16 (∆Nc) 0.06 (∆P21) 0.36 (∆T50) 0.03 (∆Nf) 0.28 (∆T24) 0.24 (∆P24) 0.05 (∆P21) 0.09 (∆Ps30) 0.02 (∆Nc) 0.14 (∆Ps30) 0.03 (∆P40) 0.24 (∆P50) 0.23 (∆Ps30) 0.04 (∆T48) 0.08 (∆T48) 0.02 (∆T24) 0.12 (∆T30) 0.02 (∆Wf) 0.08 (∆P21) 0.09 (∆Nf) 0.02 (∆T24) 0.08 (∆T24) 0.02 (∆Ps30) 0.08 (∆Nf) -
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