Influence of hydrogen on the microstructure and mechanical properties of TC4ELI titanium alloy
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摘要:
TC4ELI钛合金在氢燃料发动机上应用前景巨大，但存在氢损伤风险。通过高温气相充氢得到了不同氢质量分数的TC4ELI，结合扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪等微观表征手段，开展了纳米压痕和单轴拉伸等力学试验，深入研究了氢对其微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明：氢原子优先固溶在β相中，随后从富氢的β相扩散到贫氢的α相，当氢质量分数达到0.28%和0.52%时，α相和β相内先后析出δ氢化物。随着氢质量分数的增加，TC4ELI的弹性模量和断裂应变显著降低，其断裂模式受氢化物的影响而由穿晶韧窝断裂逐渐转变为沿晶脆性断裂，且氢损伤敏感性随应变速率的降低而升高。在低应力水平下因应力诱导氢化物开裂，充氢TC4ELI的低周疲劳寿命显著降低，而在高应力水平下因氢致局部塑性，充氢TC4ELI表现出更好的抗疲劳性能。
Abstract:TC4ELI titanium alloy has a wide application prospect in hydrogen fuel engines, but there is a risk of hydrogen damage. TC4ELI with different hydrogen contents was obtained by high-temperature gaseous hydrogen charging. Combined with scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and other microscopic characterization methods, mechanical tests such as nano-indentation and uniaxial tensile tests were carried out to deeply investigate the influence of hydrogen on the microstructure and mechanical properties. The results showed that hydrogen atoms preferentially dissolved in the β phase, and then diffused from the hydrogen-rich β phase to the hydrogen-poor α phase. When the hydrogen mass fraction reached 0.28% and 0.52%, δ hydride precipitated in α phase and β phase successively. With the increase of hydrogen mass fraction, the elastic modulus and fracture strain of TC4ELI decreased significantly, and the fracture mode gradually changed from transgranular dimple fracture to intergranular brittle fracture due to the influence of hydride. Moreover, the hydrogen damage sensitivity increased with the decrease of strain rate. The low-cycle fatigue life of hydrogen-charged TC4ELI was significantly reduced due to stress-induced hydride cracking at low stress level, while the hydrogen-charged TC4ELI showed better anti-fatigue performance due to hydrogen-induced local plasticity at high stress level.
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Key words:
- TC4ELI titanium alloy /
- hydrogen damage /
- hydride /
- microstructure /
- mechanical properties /
- nanoindentation
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图 1 TC4ELI试验件实物图及气相充氢装置示意图（单位：mm）
Figure 1. Physical drawing of TC4ELI test pieces and schematic diagram of gaseous hydrogen charging device （unit：mm）
图 4 不同氢质量分数TC4ELI表面EDS分析对比
Figure 4. Comparison of EDS analysis of TC4ELI with varying hydrogen mass fractions
图 5 不同氢质量分数TC4ELI表面SEM分析对比
Figure 5. Comparison of SEM analysis of TC4ELI with varying hydrogen mass fractions
图 6 不同氢质量分数TC4ELI表面XRD分析对比
Figure 6. Comparison of XRD analysis of TC4ELI with varying hydrogen mass fractions
图 7 未充氢TC4ELI纳米压痕动态响应结果
Figure 7. Dynamic response result of nanoindentation on unhydrogen-charged TC4ELI
图 8 不同氢质量分数TC4ELI大载荷纳米压痕结果对比
Figure 8. Comparison of results of large-load nanoindentation on TC4ELI with varying hydrogen mass fractions
图 9 不同氢质量分数TC4ELI小载荷纳米压痕结果对比
Figure 9. Comparison of results of small-load nanoindentation on TC4ELI with varying hydrogen mass fractions
图 10 不同氢质量分数TC4ELI单轴拉伸应力-应变曲线
Figure 10. Uniaxial tensile stress-strain curves of TC4ELI with varying hydrogen mass fractions
图 11 不同氢质量分数TC4ELI单轴拉伸断口形貌
Figure 11. Fracture morphology of TC4ELI with varying hydrogen mass fractions after uniaxial tensile
图 12 充氢TC4ELI不同应变速率下单轴拉伸应力-应变曲线
Figure 12. Uniaxial tensile stress-strain curves of hydrogen-charged TC4ELI at different strain rates
图 13 未充氢TC4ELI在850 MPa下低周疲劳迟滞回线
Figure 13. Hysteresis loop of unhydrogen-charged TC4ELI under low-cycle fatigue at 850 MPa
图 14 未充氢和充氢TC4ELI在不同应力水平下疲劳寿命对比
Figure 14. Comparison of fatigue life of unhydrogen-charged and hydrogen-charged TC4ELI at different stress levels
图 15 未充氢和充氢TC4ELI在750 MPa下低周疲劳断口形貌
Figure 15. Fracture morphology of unhydrogen-charged and hydrogen-charged TC4ELI after low-cycle fatigue at 750 MPa
图 16 未充氢和充氢TC4ELI在950 MPa下低周疲劳断口形貌
Figure 16. Fracture morphology of unhydrogen-charged and hydrogen-charged TC4ELI after low-cycle fatigue at 950 MPa
表 1 TC4ELI与标准TC4的主要化学成分对比
Table 1. Comparison of major chemical composition between TC4ELI and standard TC4
% 材料 Ti Al V Fe C N O TC4ELI 余量 6.12 4.21 0.125 0.016 0.015 0.095 标准TC4 余量 5.5～6.8 3.5～4.5 ≤0.30 ≤0.10 ≤0.05 ≤0.20 
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表 2 未充氢TC4ELI表面EDS分析元素含量结果
Table 2. Elemental content results of EDS analysis of unhydrogen-charged TC4ELI
% 区域 Ti Al V 相 点扫谱1 92.29 6.65 1.05 α 点扫谱2 92.58 6.71 0.71 α 点扫谱3 92.52 6.39 1.08 α 点扫谱4 92.59 6.48 0.93 α 点扫谱5 92.50 6.64 0.86 α 点扫谱6 92.30 6.68 1.02 α 点扫谱7 78.25 2.61 19.14 β 点扫谱8 82.13 3.18 14.69 β 点扫谱9 76.94 2.61 20.45 β 点扫谱10 80.72 2.95 16.33 β 点扫谱11 78.66 2.76 18.58 β 点扫谱12 77.90 2.43 19.67 β
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表 3 不同氢质量分数TC4ELI单轴拉伸结果对比
Table 3. Comparison of uniaxial tensile results of TC4ELI with varying hydrogen mass fractions
氢质量分数/
%弹性模量/
GPa抗拉强度/
MPa断裂应变/
%0 112.5 983 17.2 0.06 108.3 1002 17.1 0.16 91.5 1040 12.9 0.22 79.2 1010 9.7 0.28 78.3 959 5.1 0.52 75.6 480 0.7
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表 4 充氢TC4ELI不同应变速率下单轴拉伸结果对比
Table 4. Comparison of uniaxial tensile results of hydrogen-charged TC4ELI at different strain rates
应变速率/
s−1弹性模量/
GPa抗拉强度/
MPa断裂应变/
%1×10−5 75.8 643 0.89 2.5×10−4 79.9 804 1.27 1×10−3 82.6 813 1.37
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