Effects of spurious particle images on CIP-GS cloud measurements in large-scale icing wind tunnel
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摘要:
为明晰大型结冰风洞中伪颗粒图像对灰度云成像探头（cloud imaging probe-grayscale，CIP-GS）云雾测量的影响，首先发展了伪颗粒图像识别方法，然后在3 m×2 m结冰风洞中开展了结冰云雾测量试验，进而研究了典型结冰条件下伪颗粒图像特征，最后考察了伪颗粒图像对云雾颗粒尺寸分布（particle size distribution，PSD）、中值体积直径（medium volume diameter，MVD）和液态水含量（liquid water content，LWC）测量结果的影响，揭示了影响原因。研究结果表明：伪颗粒图像可以分为景深外图像（out of depth of field image，ODI）、端部遮挡图像（end shaded image，ESI）、破碎图像（shattered image，SI）和非圆形图像（non-roundness image，NRI）4类；典型结冰条件下CIP-GS测量结果中存在大量伪颗粒图像，数量占比超过60%，其中ODI最多、NRI最少；SI和NRI会显著影响基于颗粒图像最大宽度的PSD形态，其中重合颗粒图像会导致PSD形成一条长尾，进而导致对应的MVD和LWC在连续最大结冰条件（continuous maximum icing condition，CM）、间断最大结冰条件（intermittent maximum icing condition，IM）和冻细雨结冰条件（freezing drizzle icing condition，FZDZ）下极端偏大，此时数量占比不到8%的SI能导致测量的MVD和LWC分别出现
1252 %和883%的最大异常增幅，但冻雨结冰条件（freezing rain icing condition，FZRA）下伪颗粒图像的影响并不显著；针对基于离焦修正颗粒直径的PSD，伪颗粒图像仅会增大小尺寸颗粒仓内颗粒数浓度，进而减小MVD、增大LWC，最大相对偏差分别为15%和20%。发展的识别方法可以较好地识别测量结果中的伪颗粒图像，适用于大型结冰风洞中CIP-GS结冰云雾测量。Abstract:To understand the effects of spurious particle images on cloud imaging probe-grayscale (CIP-GS) measurements in large-scale icing wind tunnels, a spurious particle image identification method was developed first, and then an icing cloud measurement test was carried out in a 3 m×2 m icing wind tunnel. Based on the test results, the characteristics of spurious particle images were investigated under typical icing conditions. Finally, the influences of spurious particle images on the measurement results of cloud particle size distribution (PSD), medium volume diameter (MVD), and liquid water content (LWC) were examined, and the influencing reasons were revealed. The results showed that spurious particle images can be categorized into 4 types, including out of depth of field image (ODI), end shaded image (ESI), shattered image (SI), and non-roundness image (NRI). There were a large number of spurious particle images for the CIP-GS measurements under typical icing conditions, with the number exceeding 60% of the total particle image number, among which the ODI was the most, and the NRI was the least. The SI and NRI could significantly affect the PSD based on the particle image maximum width, where the coincidence particle images may lead to the formation of a long tail in the PSD. As a result, the corresponding MVD and LWC was extremely large in continuous maximum icing condition (CM), intermittent maximum icing condition (IM) and freezing drizzle icing condition (FZDZ), and at this time, the SI, which was less than 8% of the total particle number, can even cause the maximum anomalous growth for measured MVD and LWC up to
1252 % and 883%, respectively. However, the effects of spurious particle images were not significant in the freezing rain icing condition (FZRA). For the PSD based on the out-of-focus correction diameter, the spurious particle images only increased the particle number concentration in the small-sized particle bins, which could decrease the MVD and increase the LWC, with the maximum relative deviation of 15% and 20%, respectively. The developed identification method can better recognize spurious particle images measured by CIP-GS, making it suitable for CIP-GS cloud measurements in large-scale icing wind tunnels. -
图 6 典型颗粒图像CIP-GS测量结果
Figure 6. Typical measurement results of particle image for the CIP-GS
图 7 主试验段内CCP安装位置示意图（单位：mm）
Figure 7. Schematic of CCP installation position in main test section （unit: mm）
图 8 典型工况下颗粒图像测量结果
Figure 8. Measurement results of particle images under typical conditions
图 9 典型工况下颗粒尺寸分布测量结果
Figure 9. Measurement results of particle size distribution under typical conditions
图 10 典型工况下云雾特征参数测量结果
Figure 10. Measurement results of cloud characteristic parameters under typical conditions
图 11 典型工况下破碎图像（SI）和非圆形图像（NRI）两种伪颗粒图像识别结果
Figure 11. Identification results of two types of spurious particle images including shattered image （SI） and non-roundness image （NRI） under typical conditions
表 1 3 m×2 m结冰风洞试验段尺寸参数
Table 1. Size parameters of test sections for 3 m×2 m icing wind tunnel
试验段 尺寸参数 高度/m 宽度/m 长度/m 收缩比 主试验段 2 3 6.5 14.67 次试验段 3.2 4.8 9 5.73 高速试验段 1.5 2 4.5 29.33 
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表 2 颗粒尺寸分布计算方法
Table 2. Calculation methods of particle size distribution
方法 伪颗粒图像剔除范围 颗粒直径 Method 1 ODI, ESI dw Method 2 全部 dw Method 3 ODI, ESI dofc Method 4 全部 dofc
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表 3 结冰云雾测量试验工况
Table 3. Test conditions for the icing cloud measurements in the CARDC icing wind tunnel
工况 H/m Tt/℃ VTS/（m/s） MVD/μm LWC/（g/m3） RA pw,A/MPa pa,A/MPa RB pw,B/MPa pa,B/MPa t/s A-01 480 1 80 20 0.16 0.25 0.05 0.08 180 A-02 480 1 80 40 0.35 0.5 0.05 0.05 180 A-03 480 1 80 92 1 0.5 0.04 0.08 1 0.04 0.06 180 A-04 480 1 80 510 3.9 1 0.5 0.05 180
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