Study on sand ingestion trajectory of a two-dimensional external- compression inlet based on overset mesh technology
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摘要:
针对航空发动机受外物损伤的安全性评估需求，发展了基于重叠网格技术和稀相气-固两相流方法的飞机进气道吞砂行为研究的数值模拟方法。建立了全机身外流场以及地面砂石吸入进气道过程的三维可压缩气-固两相耦合的数学模型，并充分考虑颗粒所受的多种作用力及其与壁面的相互作用。分析了不同工况及物性参数影响下的二元外压式进气道吞砂行为，包括吞砂轨迹、发动机风扇面撞击参数等。结果表明：砂石由辅助进气门吸入进气道后大多与进气道顶部经历一次碰撞，后续在风扇面的撞击位置基本位于上侧0.5倍风扇面半径之外。在无风及逆风工况下，砂石在左右两发的撞击位置呈“V”字型靠近机身中线对称分布。且随着发动机工况、逆风风速的增大以及砂石密度的减小，砂石撞击位置逐渐分散，0.5～0.8倍半径范围内的砂石数量逐渐增多。此外，在飞机发动机额定工况且无风条件下，飞机速度大于11 m/s后即无法从地面吸入砂石。相较而言，侧风工况显著增加了下游进气道的吞砂量，大幅度加剧两侧发动机使用寿命的差异性，严重破坏飞机的稳定性和平衡性。
Abstract:To address the safety assessment requirements for aircraft engines damaged by foreign objects, a numerical simulation method based on overset mesh technology and a dilute-phase gas-solid two-phase flow method was developed to study the sand ingestion behavior in aircraft inlets. A three-dimensional compressible gas-solid two-phase coupling mathematical model was established to simulate the external flow around the entire aircraft and the ingestion of ground sand into the inlet. This model accounts for various forces acting on particles and their interactions with the inner wall. Finally, the study examines the sand ingestion behavior of a two-dimensional external-compression inlet under different conditions, focusing on sand trajectories and impact parameters on the engine fan. The results indicate that most particles, after entering through the auxiliary intake, collide once with the top of the inlet, and subsequently, their impact locations on the engine fan are primarily outside 0.5 times the fan radius. Under no-wind and headwind conditions, sand impacts on the left and right engines form a symmetrical “V” pattern near the aircraft centerline. Increased engine power, higher headwind speeds, and lower sand density lead to more dispersed impact locations, with an increasing number of particles located within 0.5 to 0.8 times the fan radius. Moreover, under rated engine and no-wind conditions, the aircraft cannot ingest sand from the ground at speeds above 11 m/s. In comparison, crosswind conditions significantly increase sand ingestion by the downstream inlet, greatly exacerbating the differential wear between the two engines and severely compromising the aircraft’s stability and balance.
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图 4 吞砂模型外流场计算域
Figure 4. Calculation domain of external flow field of sand ingestion model
图 8 不同倾角下气固两相平均流向速度数据对比（沿中心线）及实验段弯管结构
Figure 8. Comparison of the mean streamwise velocity profiles of gas-solid two-phase at different inclination angles （along the central line） and the pipe structure of the test section
图 10 −
25000 Pa工况下，辅助进气门下方涡量与速度矢量图（俯视图）Figure 10. Vorticity and velocity vector below the auxiliary intake at −
25000 Pa （top view）
图 12 −
28000 Pa工况下砂石运动行为Figure 12. Movement behaviors of sands under the condition of −
28000 Pa
图 14 不同发动机工作状态下砂石在风扇面的分布
Figure 14. Distribution of sand on the engine fan under different engine working conditions
图 15 不同发动机工作状态下吸入进气道的砂石粒径分布
Figure 15. Diameter distribution of the sand inhaled into the inlet under different engine working conditions
图 16 不同逆风工况下辅助进气门下方地面涡量与速度矢量图（俯视图）
Figure 16. Vorticity and velocity vector below the auxiliary intake under different headwind conditions （top view）
图 17 不同逆风条件下，1.1 s前吸入进气道的砂石轨迹
Figure 17. Trajectory of the sand ingested into the inlet before 1.1 s under different headwind conditions
图 18 不同逆风工况下砂石在发动机风扇面的分布
Figure 18. Distribution of sand on the engine fan surface under different headwind conditions
图 19 不同逆风工况下吸入进气道的砂石粒径分布
Figure 19. Diameter distribution of the sand inhaled into the inlet under different headwind conditions
图 20 5 m/s侧风工况下辅助进气门下方地面的涡量与速度矢量图（俯视图）
Figure 20. Vorticity and velocity vector below the auxiliary intake under 5 m/s crosswind （top view）
图 21 右侧45°的5 m/s侧风工况下飞机翼展方向截面流线图
Figure 21. Streamline of aircraft wingspan section under 5 m/s crosswind conditions at 45° on the right side
图 22 45°不同侧风工况下砂石在发动机风扇面的分布
Figure 22. Distribution of sand on the engine fan surface under different crosswind of 45°
图 23 右侧45°的3 m/s侧风工况砂石轨迹及翼展方向速度分布
Figure 23. Sand trajectory and wingspan velocity distribution under 3 m/s crosswind conditions at 45° on the right side
图 24 45°侧风、无风、逆风工况下吸入进气道的砂石粒径分布
Figure 24. Particle diameter distribution of the sand inhaled into the intake under crosswind of 45°, no wind and headwind conditions
图 25 90°不同侧风工况下砂石在发动机风扇面的分布
Figure 25. Distribution of sand on the engine fan surface under different crosswind of 90°
图 26 右侧90°的3 m/s侧风工况砂石轨迹
Figure 26. Sand trajectory under 3 m/s crosswind conditions at 90° on the right side
图 27 90°不同侧风工况下吸入进气道的砂石粒径分布
Figure 27. Particle diameter distribution of the sand inhaled into the intake under different crosswind of 90°
表 1 数值模型最大计算误差
Table 1. Maximum calculation error of the numerical model
工况 气相 固相 $ \theta $=0° $ \theta $=15° $\theta $=30° $ \theta $=0° $ \theta $=15° $ \theta $=30° 计算误差/% 6.11 10.66 18.52 8.15 5.52 9.70 
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表 2 不同发动机工作状态下边界类型及参数设置
Table 2. Boundary types and parameter settings under different engine working conditions
边界条件/参数 类型/数值 流体类型 理想气体 温度/ K 288 颗粒密度/（kg/m3） 1650 颗粒质量流量/10−3 （kg/s） 5 流场入口 速度入口/0 m/s 流场出口、顶面、右侧面、
左侧面压力出口/0 Pa 发动机入口面 压力出口/− 28000 、−26000 、
−25000 Pa
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表 3 本文采用的砂石粒径分布规律
Table 3. Diameter distribution law of sand used in this paper
尺寸/μm 比该尺寸小的砂石质量比/% 1000 100 900 99 600 97 400 86 200 50 125 22 75 7
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表 4 不同发动机工作状态砂石吸入信息统计
Table 4. Statistics of sand inhalation information under different engine working conditions
工况 砂石撞击位置分布 砂石撞击
最大速度/（m/s）吸入砂石
最大粒径/mm砂石吸入
时间/s小于0.5倍
风扇面半径0.5～0.8倍
风扇面半径/%大于0.8倍
风扇面半径/%−25 kPa 0 22.22 77.78 229.66 0.378 0.25～1.03 −26 kPa 0 25.22 74.78 236.42 0.379 0.24～1.09 −28 kPa 0 32.12 67.88 251.13 0.381 0.24～1.1
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表 5 不同砂石密度下砂石吸入信息统计
Table 5. Statistics of sand inhalation information under different sand density
工况 砂石撞击位置分布 砂石撞击
最大速度/（m/s）吸入砂石
最大粒径/mm砂石吸入
时间/s小于0.5倍
风扇面半径0.5～0.8倍
风扇面半径/%大于0.8倍
风扇面半径/%1450 kg/m30 32.45 67.55 239.92 0.377 0.24～1.06 1550 kg/m30 22.08 77.92 237.89 0.313 0.24～1.04 1650 kg/m30 25.22 74.78 236.42 0.379 0.24～1.09
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表 6 不同逆风工况砂石吸入信息统计
Table 6. Statistics of sand inhalation information under different headwind conditions
工况 砂石撞击位置分布 砂石撞击
最大速度/（m/s）吸入砂石
最大粒径/mm砂石吸入
时间/s小于0.5倍
风扇面半径0.5～0.8倍
风扇面半径/%大于0.8倍
风扇面半径/%无风 0 22.08 77.92 237.89 0.313 0.24～1.04 逆风3 m/s 0 41.38 58.62 239.29 0.179 0.27～0.85 逆风5 m/s 0 56.86 43.14 239.10 0.141 0.28～0.67 逆风8 m/s 0 100 0 234.72 0.102 0.40～0.51
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表 7 45°不同侧风工况下砂石吸入信息统计
Table 7. Statistics of sand inhalation information under different crosswind of 45°
工况 砂石撞击位置分布 砂石撞击
最大速度/（m/s）吸入砂石
最大粒径/mm砂石吸入
时间/s小于0.5倍
风扇面半径0.5～0.8倍
风扇面半径/%大于0.8倍
风扇面半径/%45°侧风3 m/s 0.37% 44.46 55.17 240.21 0.323 0.23～0.98 45°侧风5 m/s 0 49.55 50.45 239.52 0.212 0.23～0.76 45°侧风8 m/s 0 0 0 0 0 0
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表 8 90°不同侧风工况下砂石吸入信息统计
Table 8. Statistics of sand inhalation information under different crosswind of 90°
工况 砂石撞击位置分布 砂石撞击
最大速度/（m/s）吸入砂石
最大粒径/mm砂石吸入
时间/s小于0.5倍
风扇面半径/%0.5～0.8倍
风扇面半径/%大于0.8倍
风扇面半径/%90°侧风3 m/s 2.34 34.28 63.38 239.80 0.381 0.22～1.21 90°侧风5 m/s 0.64 30.80 68.56 239.54 0.512 0.23～1.13 90°侧风8 m/s 0.17 20.73 79.10 238.40 0.249 0.28～0.84
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