水工质空间电推进技术研究进展

夏博涵; 鹿畅; 康会峰; 夏广庆; 孙斌; 陈冲; 韩亚杰

doi:10.13224/j.cnki.jasp.20240491

水工质空间电推进技术研究进展

doi: 10.13224/j.cnki.jasp.20240491

夏博涵^{1, 2,},
鹿畅^{1, 2, 3},
康会峰³,
夏广庆^{1, 2, 3,*, ,},
孙斌^{1, 2},
陈冲^{1, 2},
韩亚杰^{1, 2}

1.
大连理工大学工业装备结构分析优化与CAE软件全国重点实验室，辽宁大连 116024
2.
大连理工大学辽宁省空天飞行器前沿技术重点实验室，辽宁大连 116024
3.
河北省微纳卫星协同创新中心，河北廊坊 065000

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划（2021YFE0116000）；国家自然科学基金（12175032，12102082，12275044，12211530449）；中央高校基本科研业务费（DUT22QN232）；辽宁省科技计划联合计划（2023JH2/101700285）；河北省科技计划（YCYZ202201，216Z1901G）；河北省科技创新项目（SJMYF2022X18，SJMYF2022X06）

详细信息

作者简介:
夏博涵（2001-），男，硕士生，主要研究领域为水工质电推进技术。E-mail：xbh666@mail.dlut.edu.cn

通讯作者:
夏广庆（1979-），男，教授，博士，主要研究领域为电推进技术。E-mail：gq.xia@dlut.edu.cn

中图分类号: V439⁺.4
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-07-22
- 网络出版日期: 2024-12-18

Research progress of water-fueled electric propulsion technology

XIA Bohan^{1, 2
,},
LU Chang^{1, 2, 3},
KANG Huifeng³,
XIA Guangqing^{1, 2, 3,*
, ,},
SUN Bin^{1, 2},
CHEN Chong^{1, 2},
HAN Yajie^{1, 2}

1.
State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis，Optimization and CAE Software for Industrial Equipment，Dalian University of Technology，Dalian Liaoning 116024，China
2.
Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Aerospace Vehicles of Liaoning Province，Dalian University of Technology，Dalian Liaoning 116024，China
3.
Collaborative Innovation Center of Micro and Nano Satellites of Hebei Province，Langfang Hebei 065000，China

摘要

摘要:
电推进技术以其高比冲、效率高和寿命长等优势，已经成为继冷气和化学推进之后的主要空间推进方式之一。以水为工质的电推进因其无毒、无污染、价格低廉的特点，逐渐引起广泛关注。本文系统总结了国内外水工质电推进技术的研究现状，根据水工质加速方式不同，将其分为电热式、电磁式和静电式三类推进方式进行总结。研究结果表明：水工质电热式推进技术在地面实验和在轨验证中取得了显著进展，已实现较高的成熟度；水工质电磁式和静电式推进技术尚处于发展阶段。水工质电推进技术的未来发展方向包括与化学推进技术的结合、多模态推进系统的设计以及在深空探测任务中的进一步应用。水作为绿色环保的推进工质，展现出其在多种推进方式中的应用潜力，有望为未来空间任务提供更加高效、灵活的推进解决方案。
- 空间推进 /
- 水工质 /
- 电热加速 /
- 电磁加速 /
- 静电加速
Abstract:
Electric propulsion, with its high specific impulse, efficiency and long lifespan, has emerged as one of the main space propulsion methods following cold gas and chemical propulsion. Water-fueled electric propulsion, thanks to its non-toxic, pollution-free and low-cost benefits, has increasingly gained attention. A comprehensive summary and evaluation of the current development status of water-fueled electric propulsion technology were conducted both domestically and internationally. Based on the method of thrust generation, it can be classified into three types: electrothermal, electromagnetic, and electrostatic. Result showed that, electrothermal propulsion achieved significant progress in ground experiments and in-orbit demonstrations, making it the most mature water-based propulsion technology. Water-based electromagnetic and electrostatic propulsion technologies are still in the developmental stage but are progressing steadily. Future advancements in water-fueled propulsion technology are expected to focus on the integration of chemical and electric propulsion systems, multimodal propulsion designs, and their application in deep space exploration. With technologies becoming more mature, water-fueled propulsion technology will develop in directions that integrate chemical and electric propulsions.
- space propulsion /
- water-fueled /
- electrothermal propulsion /
- electrostatic propulsion /
- electromagnetic propulsion

HTML

图 1 水工质电热式推进系统实验装置^[16]

Figure 1. Experimental setup for a water fueled resist jet electric propulsion system^[16]

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图 2 应用水工质电热式推力器的Comet卫星^[17]

Figure 2. Comet satellite, which utilizes a water-based electrothermal thruster^[17]

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图 3 ARO微波电热推力器^[18]

Figure 3. ARO microwave electrothermal thruster^[18]

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图 4 多模态水工质电推进框架图^[19]

Figure 4. Schematic diagram of water fueled multimodal electric propulsion^[19]

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图 5 多模态水工质电推进模型图^[19]

Figure 5. Model diagram of water fueled multimode electric propulsion^[19]

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图 6 微波加热式电推进原理图

Figure 6. Microwave electrothermal thruster principle diagram

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图 7 TunaCan微波电热推力器^[23]

Figure 7. TuanCan microwave electrothermal thruster^[23]

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图 8 Thruster One微波电热推力器^[23]

Figure 8. Thruster One microwave electrothermal thruster^[23]

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图 9 水工质电弧推力器结构原理图^[27]

Figure 9. Water fueled arc electric thruster principle diagram^[27]

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图 10 水工质电弧推力器实验照片^[27]

Figure 10. Experiment for water fueled arc electric thruster^[27]

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图 11 水工质电解式推力器结构原理图^[38]

Figure 11. Water fueled electric thruster principle diagram^[38]

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图 12 HYDROS 1U推力器^[37]

Figure 12. 1U HYDROS thruster^[37]

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图 13 使用HYDROS-C推力器的PTD-1卫星^[38]

Figure 13. PTD-1 satellite with HYDROS-C thruster^[38]

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图 14 电解性能随温度的变化^[39]

Figure 14. Electrolyzer performance with temperature^[39]

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图 15 水工质电子回旋共振（ECR）推力器^[69]

Figure 15. Water propellant electron cyclotron resonance （ECR） thruster schematic^[69]

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图 16 AQUAJET推力器实物图^[69]

Figure 16. Actual image of AQUAJET thruster^[69]

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图 17 水工质霍尔推力器（多模态）原理图

Figure 17. Schematic of HET architecture with water propellant（multi-modal）

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图 18 电解水霍尔推力器实物图^[9]

Figure 18. Water electrolysis Hall effect thruster^[9]

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图 19 供水系统示意图^[70]

Figure 19. Diagram of the water feed system^[70]

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图 20 此推力器在水、氧气和空气工质下点火实验^[70]

Figure 20. Plasma plumes of the Thruster working with water vapour, oxygen and air^[70]

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图 21 水工质在宇宙飞船上的多样化应用^[71]

Figure 21. Water multi-functionality in spacecraft^[71]

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图 22 水工质微波放电离子推力器原理图^[72]

Figure 22. Schematic of the microwave-discharge water propellent ion thruster^[72]

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图 23 水工质微波放电离子推力器截面图^[73]

Figure 23. Cross-schematic of the microwave-discharge water propellent ion thruster^[73]

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图 24 水工质电推进性能总结

Figure 24. Summary of water propellant electric propulsion performance

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表 1 水工质电热式推进技术成熟度

Table 1. Maturity of water fueled electrothermal propulsion technology

推力器名称	推力器类别	发明单位	成熟度	比冲 I_sp/s	推力 T/mN	推功比 R_TPR/（mN/kW）	参考文献
UKDMC	电热加热式	萨里大学	7	50	3.3	110	[16]
ARO	电热加热式	极光推进公司	6	100	4	214	[18]
Comet	电热加热式	布拉福德公司	8	175	17	340	[17]
3U Micropropulsion System	电热加热式	东京大学	6	450	15.45	170	[19]
TuanCan	微波加热式	蒸汽喷射公司	5	172	6	120	[23]
ThrusterOne	微波加热式	蒸汽喷射公司	5	180	6.1	125	[23]
WEPS	电弧加热式	斯普利杰公司	6	400	8	387	[27]
HYDROS	电解加热式	泰瑟斯公司	9	248	600	210	[37]
HYDROS-C	电解加热式	泰瑟斯公司	9	310	900	520	[38]

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表 2 水工质电磁式推进技术成熟度

Table 2. Maturity of water fueled electromagnetic propulsion technology

推力器名称	推力器类别	发明单位	成熟度	比冲 I_sp/s	推力 T/mN	推功比R_TPR/ （mN/kW）	参考文献
AQUAJET	电子回旋共振推力器	AVS公司	5	900	3	56	[69]
WET-HET	霍尔推力器	帝国理工大学	6	4112	38.63	71.6	[9]
Water Vapour WET-HET	霍尔推力器	帝国理工大学	5	2 039	20.2	51.7	[70]

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