Detecting flanged bolt looseness based on multiple modes guided waves
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摘要:
透射过法兰连接的多种导波模态携带了大量连接状态信息，有望实现一种高精度的非原位监测技术。基于导波多模态特征对具有8颗螺栓的法兰连接进行松动监测。为了捕捉多种波模态，提出了能够选择性激励和传感单一波模态的压电阵列设计方案，仿真和试验验证了波模态换能器的选择性能。采用波模态换能器控制4种波模态透射法兰，分两个阶段监测螺栓松动：是否松动和松动位置。结果发现：导波多模态特征不仅能够有效表征螺栓是否松动还蕴含丰富的螺栓松动位置信息，结合支持向量机后对松动位置识别的正确率高达94.6%。
Abstract:Multiple guided wave modes transmitted through the flanged joint structure carry substantial information regarding connection status, which has great potential for achieving a high-precision non-in-situ monitoring technique. The looseness of a flange connection with eight bolts based on the multiple mode characteristics of guided waves was monitored. To capture multiple wave modes, a piezoelectric array design that can selectively excite and sense a single wave mode was proposed. The simulation and experiment verified the wave mode transducer’s selectivity. The wave mode transducer controlled four wave mode transmission through a flange to monitor bolt looseness in two stages: detecting looseness and identifying the loose position. The results showed that the wave mode characteristics not only effectively indicated bolt looseness but also provided detailed information on the loose position. After applying a support vector machine, the accuracy of loose position identification reached 94.6%.
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Key words:
- flanged bolt /
- bolt looseness /
- multiple wave modes /
- wave mode transducer /
- support vector machine
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图 4 决定周向波数的周向压电分布方式
Figure 4. Circumferential piezo distributed scheme to determine the circumferential wave number
图 5 决定振动方向的柱壳两侧压电分布方式
Figure 5. Piezoelectric distribution mode on both sides of cylindrical shell to determine vibration direction
图 6 波模态换能器的激励与传感性能仿真验证方案
Figure 6. Simulated verification of excitation and sensing performance of wave mode transducer
图 8 右侧波场的周向空间傅里叶分解
Figure 8. Fourier decomposition of right wave field along circumferetial direction
图 12 柱壳试验件的波速频散曲线（0～10 kHz）
Figure 12. Wave velocity dispersion curves of cylindrical specimen （0—10 kHz）
图 13 5个正弦附加汉宁窗的双通道激励电压
Figure 13. Two-channel excitation voltage of five sine waves with Hanning window
图 17 9 000 Hz时波模态响应信号，作动器处于模式4
Figure 17. Voltage response signals at 9 000 Hz, when wave mode actuator works at mode 4
图 18 试验频散曲线与仿真频散曲线对比
Figure 18. Comparison of experimental dispersion curves with simulation dispersion curves
图 21 1号螺栓松动时的波模态转换响应信号
Figure 21. Response signals of wave conversion when bolt No.1 loosens
图 22 螺栓松动时波模态信号能量相比变化量（以紧固状态1.2 N·m为参考、作动模式L0）
Figure 22. Relative change of wave mode signal energy when bolt loosen （1.2 N·m as reference, actuating mode L0 ）
图 24 基于贝叶斯优化的支持向量机超参数优化过程：最小分类误差
Figure 24. Hyperparameter optimization process of support vector machine based on Bayesian optimization: minimum classification error
图 25 螺栓松动位置预测的混淆矩阵（TPR：正确预测率，FNR：错误预测率）
Figure 25. Confusion matrix for bolt loosening position prediction （TPR: correct prediction rate, FNR: wrong prediction rate）
表 1 波模态传感器的电压响应量级
Table 1. Magnitude of voltage response of wave mode sensor
作动器
模式传感器模式 L0 L1 T0 T4 F2 F4 L0 101 10−11 10−12 10−12 10−13 10−12 L1 10−11 101 10−10 10−8 10−12 10−11 T0 10−12 10−11 100 10−15 10−12 10−12 T4 10−7 10−7 10−6 100 10−5 10−3 F2 10−12 10−12 10−6 10−5 100 10−8 F4 10−10 10−11 10−11 10−19 10−18 101 
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表 2 不同工作模式所对应的电极电路连接方式
Table 2. Electrode circuit connections corresponding to working modes
工作模式 功放通道C1所连压电片 功放通道C2所连压电片 1 1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8 2 1、2、3、4 5、6、7、8 3 1、2、5、6 3、4、7、8 4 1、3、5、7 2、4、6、8
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表 3 原始信号特征和波模态特征训练效果对比
Table 3. Comparison of training effects of original signal features and wave mode features
% 训练次数 支持向量机+
原始信号特征支持向量机+
波模态特征1 90.0 94.6 2 90.4 94.6 3 91.7 93.8 4 90.4 94.2 5 93.3 93.8 平均 91.16 94.2
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