Detecting flanged bolt looseness based on multiple modes guided waves
-
摘要:
透射过法兰连接的多种导波模态携带了大量连接状态信息，有望实现一种高精度的非原位监测技术。基于导波多模态特征对具有8颗螺栓的法兰连接进行松动监测。为了捕捉多种波模态，提出了能够选择性激励和传感单一波模态的压电阵列设计方案，仿真和试验验证了波模态换能器的选择性能。采用波模态换能器控制4种波模态透射法兰，分两个阶段监测螺栓松动：是否松动和松动位置。结果发现：导波多模态特征不仅能够有效表征螺栓是否松动还蕴含丰富的螺栓松动位置信息，结合支持向量机后对松动位置识别的正确率高达94.6%。
Abstract:Multiple guided wave modes transmitted through the flanged joint structure carry substantial information regarding connection status, which has great potential for achieving a high-precision non-in-situ monitoring technique. The looseness of a flange connection with eight bolts based on the multiple mode characteristics of guided waves was monitored. To capture multiple wave modes, a piezoelectric array design that can selectively excite and sense a single wave mode was proposed. The simulation and experiment verified the wave mode transducer’s selectivity. The wave mode transducer controlled four wave mode transmission through a flange to monitor bolt looseness in two stages: detecting looseness and identifying the loose position. The results showed that the wave mode characteristics not only effectively indicated bolt looseness but also provided detailed information on the loose position. After applying a support vector machine, the accuracy of loose position identification reached 94.6%.
-
Key words:
- flanged bolt /
- bolt looseness /
- multiple wave modes /
- wave mode transducer /
- support vector machine
-
图 4 决定周向波数的周向压电分布方式
Figure 4. Circumferential piezo distributed scheme to determine the circumferential wave number
图 5 决定振动方向的柱壳两侧压电分布方式
Figure 5. Piezoelectric distribution mode on both sides of cylindrical shell to determine vibration direction
图 6 波模态换能器的激励与传感性能仿真验证方案
Figure 6. Simulated verification of excitation and sensing performance of wave mode transducer
图 8 右侧波场的周向空间傅里叶分解
Figure 8. Fourier decomposition of right wave field along circumferetial direction
图 12 柱壳试验件的波速频散曲线（0～10 kHz）
Figure 12. Wave velocity dispersion curves of cylindrical specimen （0—10 kHz）
图 13 5个正弦附加汉宁窗的双通道激励电压
Figure 13. Two-channel excitation voltage of five sine waves with Hanning window
图 17 9 000 Hz时波模态响应信号，作动器处于模式4
Figure 17. Voltage response signals at 9 000 Hz, when wave mode actuator works at mode 4
图 18 试验频散曲线与仿真频散曲线对比
Figure 18. Comparison of experimental dispersion curves with simulation dispersion curves
图 21 1号螺栓松动时的波模态转换响应信号
Figure 21. Response signals of wave conversion when bolt No.1 loosens
图 22 螺栓松动时波模态信号能量相比变化量（以紧固状态1.2 N·m为参考、作动模式L0）
Figure 22. Relative change of wave mode signal energy when bolt loosen （1.2 N·m as reference, actuating mode L0 ）
图 24 基于贝叶斯优化的支持向量机超参数优化过程：最小分类误差
Figure 24. Hyperparameter optimization process of support vector machine based on Bayesian optimization: minimum classification error
图 25 螺栓松动位置预测的混淆矩阵（TPR：正确预测率，FNR：错误预测率）
Figure 25. Confusion matrix for bolt loosening position prediction （TPR: correct prediction rate, FNR: wrong prediction rate）
表 1 波模态传感器的电压响应量级
Table 1. Magnitude of voltage response of wave mode sensor
作动器
模式传感器模式 L0 L1 T0 T4 F2 F4 L0 101 10−11 10−12 10−12 10−13 10−12 L1 10−11 101 10−10 10−8 10−12 10−11 T0 10−12 10−11 100 10−15 10−12 10−12 T4 10−7 10−7 10−6 100 10−5 10−3 F2 10−12 10−12 10−6 10−5 100 10−8 F4 10−10 10−11 10−11 10−19 10−18 101 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 不同工作模式所对应的电极电路连接方式
Table 2. Electrode circuit connections corresponding to working modes
工作模式 功放通道C1所连压电片 功放通道C2所连压电片 1 1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8 2 1、2、3、4 5、6、7、8 3 1、2、5、6 3、4、7、8 4 1、3、5、7 2、4、6、8
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 原始信号特征和波模态特征训练效果对比
Table 3. Comparison of training effects of original signal features and wave mode features
% 训练次数 支持向量机+
原始信号特征支持向量机+
波模态特征1 90.0 94.6 2 90.4 94.6 3 91.7 93.8 4 90.4 94.2 5 93.3 93.8 平均 91.16 94.2
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] 胡阳, 姜东, 王旻睿, 等. 横向载荷作用下螺栓连接松动过程研究[J]. 振动、测试与诊断, 2020, 40(6): 1091-1098, 1230. HU Yang, JIANG Dong, WANG Minrui, et al. Study on loosening process of bolted joints under transverse load[J]. Journal of Vibration, Measurement & Diagnosis, 2020, 40(6): 1091-1098, 1230. (in ChineseHU Yang, JIANG Dong, WANG Minrui, et al. Study on loosening process of bolted joints under transverse load[J]. Journal of Vibration, Measurement & Diagnosis, 2020, 40(6): 1091-1098, 1230. (in Chinese) [2] CHELIMILLA N, CHINTHAPENTA V, KALI N, et al. Review on recent advances in structural health monitoring paradigm for looseness detection in bolted assemblies[J]. Structural Health Monitoring, 2023, 22(6): 4264-4304. doi: 10.1177/14759217231158540 [3] 杜飞, 徐超. 螺栓连接松动的导波监测技术综述[J]. 宇航总体技术, 2018, 2(4): 13-23. DU Fei, XU Chao. A review on bolt preload monitoring using guided waves[J]. Astronautical Systems Engineering Technology, 2018, 2(4): 13-23. (in ChineseDU Fei, XU Chao. A review on bolt preload monitoring using guided waves[J]. Astronautical Systems Engineering Technology, 2018, 2(4): 13-23. (in Chinese) [4] QIN Xiaoshu, PENG Chang, ZHAO Gaozheng, et al. Full life-cycle monitoring and earlier warning for bolt joint loosening using modified vibro-acoustic modulation[J]. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 2022, 162: 108054. doi: 10.1016/j.ymssp.2021.108054 [5] 朱宏平, 余璟, 张俊兵. 结构损伤动力检测与健康监测研究现状与展望[J]. 工程力学, 2011, 28(2): 1-11, 17. ZHU Hongping, YU Jing, ZHANG Junbing. A summary review and advantages of vibration-based damage identification methods in structural health monitoring[J]. Engineering Mechanics, 2011, 28(2):1-11, 17. (in ChineseZHU Hongping, YU Jing, ZHANG Junbing. A summary review and advantages of vibration-based damage identification methods in structural health monitoring[J]. Engineering Mechanics, 2011, 28(2):1-11, 17. (in Chinese) [6] 邵俊华, 王涛, 汪正傲, 等. 基于压电阻抗频率变化的螺栓松动检测技术[J]. 中国机械工程, 2019, 30(12): 1395-1399, 1408. SHAO Junhua, WANG Tao, WANG Zhengao, et al. Bolt looseness detection using piezoelectric impedance frequency shift method[J]. China Mechanical Engineering, 2019, 30(12): 1395-1399, 1408. (in Chinese doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2019.12.002SHAO Junhua, WANG Tao, WANG Zhengao, et al. Bolt looseness detection using piezoelectric impedance frequency shift method[J]. China Mechanical Engineering, 2019, 30(12): 1395-1399, 1408. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2019.12.002 [7] YANG Yi, NG C T, KOTOUSOV A. Bolted joint integrity monitoring with second harmonic generated by guided waves[J]. Structural Health Monitoring, 2019, 18(1): 193-204. doi: 10.1177/1475921718814399 [8] 杜飞, 张子涵, 徐超. 法兰螺栓松动的超声导波监测方法[J]. 压电与声光, 2019, 41(5): 679-684. DU Fei, ZHANG Zihan, XU Chao. Ultrasonic guided wave monitoring method for flange bolt loosening[J]. Piezoelectrics & Acoustooptics 2019, 41(5): 679-684. (in ChineseDU Fei, ZHANG Zihan, XU Chao. Ultrasonic guided wave monitoring method for flange bolt loosening[J]. Piezoelectrics & Acoustooptics 2019, 41(5): 679-684. (in Chinese) [9] WEN Guanru, ZHAO Long, LIU Zhicheng, et al. Research on loose bolt localization technology for transmission towers[J]. Structural Health Monitoring, 2024, 23(5): 3134-3155. [10] WANG Lintao, YUAN Bo, XU Zhenbang, et al. Synchronous detection of bolts looseness position and degree based on fusing electro-mechanical impedance[J]. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 2022, 174: 109068. doi: 10.1016/j.ymssp.2022.109068 [11] ABDULKAREM M, SAMSUDIN K, ROKHANI F Z, et al. Wireless sensor network for structural health monitoring: a contemporary review of technologies, challenges, and future direction[J]. Structural health monitoring, 2020, 19(3): 693-735. doi: 10.1177/1475921719854528 [12] RAMALHO G M F, LOPES A M, DA SILVA L F M. Structural health monitoring of adhesive joints using Lamb waves: a review[J]. Structural Control and Health Monitoring, 2022, 29(1): e2849. [13] GORGIN R, LUO Y, WU Z. Environmental and operational conditions effects on Lamb wave based structural health monitoring systems: A review[J]. Ultrasonics, 2020, 105: 106114. doi: 10.1016/j.ultras.2020.106114 [14] LIAO Weilin, SUN Hu, WANG Yishou, et al. A novel damage index integrating piezoelectric impedance and ultrasonic guided wave for damage monitoring of bolted joints[J]. Structural Health Monitoring, 2023, 22(5): 3514-3533. doi: 10.1177/14759217231159427 [15] HUA Jiadong, CAO Xuwei, YI Yinggang, et al. Time-frequency damage index of broadband Lamb wave for corrosion inspection[J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2020, 464: 114985. doi: 10.1016/j.jsv.2019.114985 [16] KARGAR G H, YOUSEFI K A. Enhancing the understanding of bolt loosening and wave transmission in bolted lap-joint connections: a numerical and experimental study using guided Lamb waves[J]. Structural Health Monitoring, 2024: 14759217231219689. [17] WANG Furui, SONG Gangbing. Bolt early looseness monitoring using modified vibro-acoustic modulation by time-reversal[J]. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 2019, 130: 349-360. doi: 10.1016/j.ymssp.2019.04.036 [18] DU Fei, TIAN Zhenxiong, NAN Yang, et al. A modified virtual time reversal method for enhancing monitoring sensitivity of bolt preloads based on ultrasonic guided waves[J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2024, 585: 118475. doi: 10.1016/j.jsv.2024.118475 [19] JARMER G J S, FLYNN E B, TODD M D. Multi-wave-mode, multi-frequency detectors for guided wave interrogation of plate structures[J]. Structural health monitoring, 2014, 13(2): 120-130. doi: 10.1177/1475921713513972 [20] 何存富, 郑明方, 吕炎, 等. 超声导波检测技术的发展、应用与挑战[J]. 仪器仪表学报, 2016, 37(8): 1713-1735. HE Cunfu, ZHENG Mingfang, LYU Yan, et al. Development, applications and challenges in ultrasonic guided waves testing technology[J]. Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument, 2016, 37(8): 1713-1735. (in Chinese doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0254-3087.2016.08.004HE Cunfu, ZHENG Mingfang, LYU Yan, et al. Development, applications and challenges in ultrasonic guided waves testing technology[J]. Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument, 2016, 37(8): 1713-1735. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0254-3087.2016.08.004 [21] LAMB H. On waves in an elastic plate[J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, 1917, 93(648): 114-128. [22] LEE H W, KWAK M K. Free vibration analysis of a circular cylindrical shell using the Rayleigh-Ritz method and comparison of different shell theories[J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2015, 353: 344-377. doi: 10.1016/j.jsv.2015.05.028 [23] OLISA S C, KHAN M A, STARR A. Review of current guided wave ultrasonic testing (GWUT) limitations and future directions[J]. Sensors, 2021, 21(3): 811. doi: 10.3390/s21030811 [24] LAIS H, LOWE P S, GAN T H, et al. Characterization of the use of low frequency ultrasonic guided waves to detect fouling deposition in pipelines[J]. Sensors, 2018, 18(7): 2122. doi: 10.3390/s18072122 [25] JOSEPH R, YU L, GIURGIUTIU V. Excitation and propagation of guided waves in multilayer hollow cylinders using PWAS transducers: a theoretical and experimental study[J]. Journal of Acoustics, 2020, 2(1): 1-30. [26] NILSSON A, LIU B. Vibro-acoustics: Volume 1[M]. Berlin: Springer, 2016. [27] 杨永宝, 危银涛, 李雪冰, 等. 基于Donnell-Mushtari理论的弹性基础薄壁圆柱壳的稳态响应研究[J]. 振动与冲击, 2018, 37(6): 21-27. YANG Yongbao, WEI Yintao, LI Xuebing, et al. Steady-state vibration responses of a thin-walled cylindrical shell on elastic foundations based on the Donnell-Mushtari theory[J]. Journal of Vibration and Shock, 2018, 37(6): 21-27. (in ChineseYANG Yongbao, WEI Yintao, LI Xuebing, et al. Steady-state vibration responses of a thin-walled cylindrical shell on elastic foundations based on the Donnell-Mushtari theory[J]. Journal of Vibration and Shock, 2018, 37(6): 21-27. (in Chinese) -
点击查看大图
计量
- 文章访问数: 448
- HTML浏览量: 351
- PDF量: 42
- 被引次数: 0