Characteristics and dynamics analysis of jet breakup under non-uniform crossflow
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摘要:
通过实验研究了具有正负速度梯度的横流对水射流破碎模式及动力学特性的影响。实验涵盖平均韦伯数（5.6、8、16、40）与平均射流动量比（20、30、40、50、60）的工况。结果表明：正梯度来流可增强射流穿透深度，而负梯度来流则降低穿透深度并加速射流破碎与偏转；负梯度条件下射流变形加剧，液柱迎风面积增大导致展向宽度显著增加；正梯度引发液柱剧烈振荡且表面波长大，负梯度则抑制振荡并减小波长；负梯度加速射流破碎模式转变，正梯度则延缓该过程。通过本征正交分解（POD）与快速傅里叶变换（FFT）分析发现：不同平均韦伯数下的喷雾特性差异集中于共振峰位置与幅值，非共振区特性一致；负梯度来流中振幅衰减更快，表明流体动力耗散加剧且表面张力作用减弱；随频率升高与模态阶数增加，负梯度条件下的振幅及能量占比显著降低，证实气动力抑制作用使振幅变化呈现先增加后衰减的规律，而正梯度则维持较大振幅波动。
Abstract:This study experimentally investigated the effects of positive and negative velocity gradients in crossflows on the breakup modes and dynamic characteristics of water jets. Experiments covered average Weber numbers (5.6, 8, 16, 40) and the average jet-to-crossflow momentum flux ratio (20, 30, 40, 50, 60). Results demonstrated that positive gradients enhanced jet penetration depth, while negative gradients reduced penetration and accelerated jet breakup and deflection. Under negative gradients, severe jet deformation increased the windward area of liquid columns, leading to significant spanwise width expansion. Positive gradients promoted intense column oscillation with larger surface wavelengths, whereas negative gradients suppressed oscillation and reduced wavelengths. Negative gradients accelerated the transition of jet breakup modes, while positive gradients delayed this transition. The analysis of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) revealed that spray characteristics under varying average Weber number sprimarily differed in resonance peak positions and amplitudes, with consistent non-resonant regions. Amplitude decay rates were higher under negative gradients, indicating intensified fluid dynamic dissipation and weakened surface tension effects. Increasing frequency and mode order under negative gradients significantly reduced the amplitude and energy content. This confirmed that aerodynamic suppression in negative-gradient flows caused initially pronounced amplitude variations that weakened over time, contrasting with sustained large-amplitude fluctuations under positive gradients.
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图 18 不同梯度及平均韦伯数流向图
Figure 18. Flowcharts of different gradients and average Weber number
图 21 不同梯度下波长随平均韦伯数的变化
Figure 21. Variation of wavelength with average Weber number at different gradients
表 1 实验工况表
Table 1. Experimental working conditions
工况 $ \overline{{u}_{\mathrm{g}}} $/（m/s） $ {v}_{\mathrm{j}} $/（m/s） $ \overline{q} $ $ \overline{{We}_{\mathrm{g}}} $ Case 1 21.24 3.06 20 5.6 Case 2 21.24 4.16 40 5.6 Case 3 21.24 5.20 60 5.6 Case 4 25.06 3.74 20 8 Case 5 25.06 5.35 40 8 Case 6 25.06 6.47 60 8 Case 7 34.98 5.25 20 16 Case 8 34.98 7.52 40 16 Case 9 55.45 8.40 20 40 Case 10 55.45 12.16 40 40 
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