亚声速针栓燃气阀和超声速针栓燃气阀性能对比

黄楚九; 魏志军; 李志远; 高紫晴; 李大林

doi:10.13224/j.cnki.jasp.20240855

亚声速针栓燃气阀和超声速针栓燃气阀性能对比

doi: 10.13224/j.cnki.jasp.20240855

北京理工大学宇航学院，北京 100081

详细信息

作者简介:
黄楚九（2000-），男，博士生，主要从事姿轨控燃气阀研究。E-mail：3220235014@bit.edu.cn

通讯作者:
魏志军（1967-），男，教授，博士，主要从事固体火箭发动机研究。E-mail：wzj@bit.edu.cn

中图分类号: V438
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-12-25
- 网络出版日期: 2025-04-28

Performance comparison between subsonic and supersonic needle gas valves

School of Aerospace Engineering，Beijing Institute of Technology，Beijing 100081，China

摘要

摘要:
针栓燃气阀是固体姿轨控火箭发动机能量管理的关键部件。针栓燃气阀可以分为亚声速构型和超声速构型，两种阀门分别主要工作在亚声速段和超声速段，其工作特性和应用场合也各不相同。本文采用CFD数值计算方法，分析了多开度下两种阀门构型的流动损失、阀杆负载及热化学烧蚀等，并对比分析了两种结构阀门的优缺点。计算结果表明：两种阀门构型的流动损失都会随着开度的增大而减小，在工作条件相同的情况下超声速燃气阀流动损失更大。不同开度下，超声速阀的负载力更为稳定，并且大开度下超声速阀负载小，与此同时，阀杆结构尺寸对阀门负载具有很大影响。亚声速阀针栓阀杆处的热化学烧蚀率较超声速阀杆高，是超声速的5倍。超声速阀腔喉部处热化学烧蚀高，是亚声速阀的1.5倍。
- 燃气阀门 /
- 流动损失 /
- 负载 /
- 热化学烧蚀 /
- 性能对比
Abstract:
The needle gas valve is a critical component for energy management in solid-propellant attitude and orbit control rocket engines. Needle gas valves can be classified into subsonic and supersonic configurations. These two valve types primarily operate in subsonic and supersonic flow regimes, respectively, and exhibit distinct working characteristics and application scenarios. The CFD numerical simulation method was employed to analyze flow losses, valve stem loads, and thermochemical ablation of both valve configurations under multiple opening levels. A comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages between these two structural designs was also conducted. The results indicated that flow losses for both valve configurations decreased with the increasing opening levels. Under identical operating conditions, the supersonic gas valve exhibited higher flow losses compared with the subsonic configuration. At different opening levels, the supersonic valve demonstrated more stable load forces on the valve stem, with significantly lower loads at large openings. Additionally, the structural dimensions of the valve stem exerted a substantial influence on the valve load distribution. The thermochemical ablation rate at the subsonic valve stem was five times higher than that of the supersonic valve stem. Conversely, the ablation rate at the throat of the supersonic valve chamber was 1.5 times greater than that observed in the subsonic valve.
- gas valve /
- flow loss /
- load /
- thermochemical ablation /
- performance comparison

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图 1 针栓式燃气阀

Figure 1. Needle-type gas valve

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图 2 燃气阀结构示意图

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the gas valve structure

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图 3 出口压力与结果对比

Figure 3. Comparison of outlet pressure and results

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图 4 烧蚀率结果对比

Figure 4. Comparison of ablation rate results

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图 5 亚声速内流阀和超声速内流阀的数值计算模型

Figure 5. Numerical simulation models of subsonic and supersonic internal flow valves

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图 6 网格无关性验证

Figure 6. Grid independence verification

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图 7 亚声速阀马赫数云图

Figure 7. Mach number contour of the subsonic valve

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图 8 亚声速阀马赫数折线图

Figure 8. Streamwise Mach number variation in the subsonic valve

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图 9 超声速阀马赫数云图

Figure 9. Mach number contours of the supersonic valve

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图 10 超声速阀马赫数折线图

Figure 10. Mach number distributions under different valve openings

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图 11 亚声速阀总压损失特性

Figure 11. Total pressure loss characteristics of the subsonic valve

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图 12 超声速阀总压损失特性

Figure 12. Total pressure loss characteristics of the supersonic valve

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图 13 阀门总压损失

Figure 13. Total pressure loss of the valve

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图 14 阀门推力损失

Figure 14. Valve thrust loss characteristics

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图 15 亚声速阀压力分布曲线

Figure 15. Pressure distribution curve of subsonic valve

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图 16 超声速阀压力分布曲线

Figure 16. Pressure distribution in supersonic valve

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图 17 阀门针栓开闭过程负载

Figure 17. Load characteristics during needle valve opening/closing process

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图 18 阀门针栓关闭过程负载组成（胶圈力为阻力，动摩擦）

Figure 18. Load components during needle valve closing process （the rubber band force is the resistance, and the kinetic friction）

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图 19 阀门针栓开启过程负载组成（胶圈力为阻力，动摩擦）

Figure 19. Load components during needle valve opening process （the rubber band force is the resistance, and the kinetic friction）

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图 20 阀门稳定状态负载

Figure 20. Steady-state load characteristics of the valve

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图 21 阀门针栓稳定状态下负载组成（胶圈力为助力，静摩擦）

Figure 21. Steady-state load components of needle valve（the rubber band force is the driving force, and the static friction）

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图 22 亚声速阀不同开度针栓受力变化情况

Figure 22. Variation of needle force with opening degree in subsonic valve

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图 23 超声速阀不同开度针栓受力变化情况

Figure 23. Supersonic valve needle force variation across opening degrees

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图 24 不同尺寸阀杆开启过程负载力

Figure 24. Opening process load forces of different-sized valve stems

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图 25 阀杆壁面温度分布曲线

Figure 25. Wall temperature distribution curves of valve stems

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图 26 阀杆壁面热流密度分布曲线

Figure 26. Wall heat flux distribution curves of valve stems

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图 27 阀杆壁面烧蚀率分布曲线

Figure 27. Wall ablation rate distribution curves of valve stems

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表 1 亚超声速阀尺寸参数

Table 1. Dimensional parameters of subsonic and supersonic valve configurations mm

参数	亚声速阀	超声速阀
$ {L}_{\mathrm{a}1} $	11.9	11.9
$ {L}_{\mathrm{a}2} $	44.8	44.8
$ {d}_{\mathrm{a}1} $	9	9
$ {d}_{\mathrm{a}2} $	9	9
$ {d}_{\mathrm{a}3} $	4.5	4.9
$ {d}_{\mathrm{a}4} $	14	14
$ {d}_{\mathrm{a}5} $	10.8	14.3
$ {d}_{\mathrm{a}6} $	14	14

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表 2 烧蚀反应方程式及其动力参数

Table 2. Ablation reaction equations and associated kinetic parameters

反应类型	A/（$ {{\mathrm{m}}}^{2}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}\cdot {{\mathrm{Pa}}}^{0.5}/{\mathrm{kg}} $）	$ \beta $	E/$ {10}^{5} $ （J/mol）	n
$ {{\rm{C}}}_{ （{{\mathrm{s}}}） }+{{\mathrm{H}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}\to {\mathrm{CO}}+{{\mathrm{H}}}_{2} $	1.51×10³	0	2.88	0.5
$ {{\mathrm{C}}}_{ （{\mathrm{s}}） }+{{\mathrm{CO}}}_{2}\to 2{\mathrm{CO}} $	28.27	0	2.88	0.5

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表 3 亚声速阀不同开度下各个区域总压损失百分比

Table 3. Total pressure loss percentage in different regions of the subsonic valve configuration at various opening levels %

开度/mm	亚声速区	亚声速转弯区	喉部区	膨胀区
2	0.00134	0.003	48.39	14.4
3	0.00323	0.046	36.04	6.4
4	0.00450	0.067	20.12	5.5
全开	0.02272	0.072	5.91	4.3

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表 4 超声速阀不同开度下各个区域总压损失百分比

Table 4. Total pressure loss percentage in different regions of the supersonic valve configuration at various opening levels %

开度/mm	亚声速区	喉部区	阀腔区	转弯区	膨胀区
2	0.0149	25.76	67.395	0.99	0.435
3	0.0883	13.12	67.171	1.61	2.000
4	0.1220	9.199	61.508	1.67	3.010
全开	0.1849	2.791	60.054	1.73	3.550

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表 5 亚声速阀与超声速阀关键结构尺寸取值

Table 5. Key structural dimensions of subsonic and supersonic valve configurations mm

尺寸编号	亚声速阀		超声速阀
尺寸编号	$ {d}_{{\mathrm{a}}1} $	$ {d}_{{\mathrm{a}}2} $	$ {d}_{{\mathrm{a}}1} $	$ {d}_{{\mathrm{a}}2} $
1	9	9	9	9
2	9	7	9	7
3	9	5	9	5
4	9	11	9	11
5	9	13	9	13

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