低温下高速齿轮传动飞溅润滑特性分析及挡板结构优化

李洛楠; 许建民; 韩勇; 王鹏川; 姚栓

doi:10.13224/j.cnki.jasp.20240864

低温下高速齿轮传动飞溅润滑特性分析及挡板结构优化

doi: 10.13224/j.cnki.jasp.20240864

李洛楠^1,,
许建民^1,*, ,,
韩勇¹,
王鹏川²,
姚栓²

1.
厦门理工学院机械与汽车工程学院，福建厦门 361024
2.
陕西法士特齿轮有限责任公司陕西省齿轮传动重点实验室，西安 625302

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目（2023YFB3406500）

详细信息

作者简介:
李洛楠（1998-），男，硕士生，主要从事高速精密齿轮传动方面的研究。E-mail：qqrwsr@163.com

通讯作者:
许建民（1981-），男，副教授，博士，主要从事高速精密齿轮传动方面的研究。E-mail：xujianmin1020@163.com

中图分类号: V233.1
计量
- 文章访问数: 769
- HTML浏览量: 528
- PDF量: 55
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-12-31
- 网络出版日期: 2025-04-18

Analysis and optimization of splash lubrication characteristics of high speed gear under low temperature conditions

1.
School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering，Xiamen University of Technology，Fujian Xiamen 361024，China
2.
Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Gear Transmission，Shaanxi Fast Gear Company，Limited，Xi’an 625302，China

摘要

摘要:
针对低温工况下高速齿轮传动润滑特性不明确及传统挡板对润滑效果提升有限的问题，开展了高速齿轮传动飞溅润滑特性研究。首先基于计算流体力学理论，建立高速齿轮传动飞溅润滑两相流分析模型，分析了两相流分布特性；然后在此基础上，研究了转动圈数、齿轮转速以及浸油深度对飞溅润滑特性与力矩损失的影响规律；最后提出一种仿生蜂巢挡板结构并采用多岛遗传算法对其结构进行优化。结果表明：在低温工况下的高速齿轮传动飞溅润滑过程中，齿面润滑油的体积分数随着齿轮转速的增加而下降，而随着浸油深度的增加则有所上升；力矩损失随着齿轮转速和浸油深度的增加而增大，其中齿轮转速对力矩损失的影响远大于浸油深度的影响；优化后的仿生蜂巢挡板结构在相同工况下，相较于无挡板，齿面润滑油的平均体积分数提高了68.46%，与原始挡板相比提升了7.88%。研究结果为低温工况下高速齿轮传动两相流分布特性研究及高速齿轮传动飞溅润滑优化设计提供了依据。
- 高速齿轮传动 /
- 飞溅润滑 /
- 力矩损失 /
- 仿生蜂巢挡板 /
- 多岛遗传算法
Abstract:
In view of the unclear lubrication characteristics of high-speed gear transmission under low temperature conditions and the limited improvement of lubrication effect by traditional baffles, a study on the splash lubrication characteristics of high-speed gear transmission was carried out. Firstly, based on the theory of computational fluid dynamics, a two-phase flow analysis model of splash lubrication of high-speed gear transmission was established, and the two-phase flow distribution characteristics were analyzed; then, on this basis, the influences of number of rotations, gear speed, and oil immersion depth on splash lubrication characteristics and torque loss were studied; finally, a bionic honeycomb baffle structure was proposed and its structure was optimized using a multi-island genetic algorithm. The results showed that: in the splash lubrication process of high-speed gear transmission under low temperature conditions, the volume fraction of lubricating oil on the tooth surface decreased with the increase of gear speed, but increased with the increase of oil immersion depth; the torque loss increased with the increase of gear speed and oil immersion depth, and the influence of speed on torque loss was much greater than that of oil immersion depth; under the same working conditions, the average volume fraction of lubricating oil on the tooth surface of the optimized bionic honeycomb baffle structure increased by 68.46% compared with the one without baffle, and increased by 7.88% compared with the original baffle. Research results provide a basis for the study of two-phase flow distribution characteristics of high-speed gear transmission under low-temperature conditions and the optimization design of splash lubrication for high-speed gear transmission.
- high-speed gear transmission /
- splash lubrication /
- torque loss /
- bionic honeycomb baffle /
- multi-island genetic algorithm

HTML

图 1 飞溅润滑模型二维示意图

Figure 1. 2D schematic of splash lubrication model

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 飞溅润滑三维模型

Figure 2. Three-dimensional model of splash lubrication

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 计算域及网格示意图

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of computing domain and grid

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 仿真与实验对比图

Figure 4. Comparison between simulation and experiment

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 高速齿轮飞溅润滑过程油气分布

Figure 5. Oil and gas distribution during splash lubrication of high speed gears

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 齿轮飞溅润滑过程速度场分布

Figure 6. Velocity field distribution of gear splash lubrication process

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 飞溅润滑过程润滑油体积分数

Figure 7. Volume fraction of lubricating oil in splash lubrication process

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 润滑油体积分数随齿轮转速变化规律

Figure 8. Variation of lubricating oil volume fraction with gear speed

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 润滑油体积分数随浸油深度变化规律

Figure 9. Variation of lubricating oil volume fraction with immersion depth

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 10 飞溅润滑过程力矩损失

Figure 10. Torque loss during splash lubrication

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 11 力矩损失随齿轮转速变化规律

Figure 11. Variation of torque loss with gear speed

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 12 力矩损失随浸油深度变化规律

Figure 12. Variation of torque loss with immersion depth

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 13 自然界中的蜂巢

Figure 13. Honeycomb in nature

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 14 仿生蜂巢挡板结构示意图

Figure 14. Schematic diagram of bionic honeycomb baffle structure

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 15 仿生蜂巢挡板位置示意图

Figure 15. Schematic diagram of the location of the bionic honeycomb baffle

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 16 算法优化流程

Figure 16. Algorithm optimization process

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 17 仿生蜂巢挡板设计变量尺寸图

Figure 17. Bionic honeycomb baffle design variable size diagram

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 18 润滑油平均体积分数的Pareto图

Figure 18. Pareto plot of average volume fraction of lubricating oil

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 19 平均体积分数实际值与预测值关系图

Figure 19. Relationship between actual and predicted values of average volume fraction

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 20 优化过程中迭代曲线

Figure 20. Iterative curve during optimization process

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 21 高速齿轮飞溅润滑两相流分布

Figure 21. Two-phase flow distribution of splash lubrication for high-speed gears

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 22 齿轮及轴向截面润滑油体积分数云图

Figure 22. Cloud diagram of lubricating oil volume fraction of gear and axial section before and after optimization

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 齿轮及箱体参数

Table 1. Gear and box parameters

参数	数值
主动轮齿数	20
从动轮齿数	40
模数/mm	3
压力角/（°）	20
齿宽/mm	12
箱体长度/mm	240
箱体宽度/mm	80
箱体高度/mm	160

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 设计变量取值范围

Table 2. Value range of design variables mm

设计变量	原始值	设计变量取值范围
$ {l}_{1} $	190	（180, 200）
$ {l}_{2} $	135	（130, 140）
$ h $	9	（8, 10）
$ r $	4	（3, 5）

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 部分设计实验样本点及结果

Table 3. Sample points and results of partial design experiment

序号	$ {l}_{1}/ $mm	$ {l}_{2}/ $mm	$ h/ $mm	$ r/ $mm	体积分数
1	198.46	135.64	8.46	4.17	0.0208
2	190.77	139.23	9.48	4.74	0.02180
3	18.59	134.36	9.84	3.82	0.0213
4	19.85	137.69	8.05	3.46	0.0212
5	187.18	139.49	9.53	3.71	0.0212
6	195.38	138.97	8.56	4.84	0.0214
7	181.03	1.08	8.71	3.61	0.0197
8	187.69	130.51	8.35	3.30	0.0192
9	185.13	131.03	9.43	3.25	0.0194
10	197.44	137.18	8.92	3.10	0.0196
$\vdots $	$\vdots $	$\vdots $	$\vdots $	$\vdots $	$\vdots $
36	18.56	134.1	8.25	4.53	0.0211
37	200	1.31	9.12	4.69	0.0200
38	194.87	139.74	8.87	3.92	0.0208
39	195.38	131.54	9.23	3	0.0192
40	184.1	137.44	8.82	5	0.0213

下载: 导出CSV

表 4 多岛遗传算法参数设置

Table 4. Parameter settings for multi island genetic algorithm

参数	数值
子群规模	15
岛数	10
遗传代数	10
交叉率	1
变异率	0.01
迁移率	0.01

下载: 导出CSV

表 5 挡板参数优化结果

Table 5. Optimization results of baffle parameters

参数	数值
l₁/mm	188.89
l₂/mm	137.22
h/mm	9.99
r/mm	4.56
预测值	0.0225
仿真值	0.0219

下载: 导出CSV

表 6 模型平均体积分数对比

Table 6. Comparison of model average volume fraction

模型	平均体积分数	润滑效果改进率/%
无挡板	0.013
原始挡板	0.0203	56.15
最优挡板	0.0219	68.46

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(26)

[1]	李昂, 郝丽春, 杨鹤, 等. 合成基润滑油聚α-烯烃低温摩擦润滑性能研究[J]. 润滑与密封, 2024, 49(5): 191-196. LI Ang, HAO Lichun, YANG He, et al. Study on the lubrication properties of synthesis oil PAO at low temperature[J]. Lubrication Engineering, 2024, 49(5): 191-196. (in Chinese doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0254-0150.2024.05.026 LI Ang, HAO Lichun, YANG He, et al. Study on the lubrication properties of synthesis oil PAO at low temperature[J]. Lubrication Engineering, 2024, 49(5): 191-196. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0254-0150.2024.05.026
[2]	KELLER M C, KROMER C, CORDES L, et al. CFD study of oil-jet gear interaction flow phenomena in spur gears[J]. The Aeronautical Journal, 2020, 124(1279): 1301-1317. doi: 10.1017/aer.2020.44
[3]	QIAO Zizhen, ZHOU Changjiang, SU Jie, et al. A novel dynamic heat-flow coupled model under spray lubrication for high-speed gears: CFD simulation and experimental validation[J]. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 2024, 131: 102867. doi: 10.1016/j.simpat.2023.102867
[4]	文武翊, 林勤杰, 王中荣, 等. 高速航空锥齿轮线速度对喷油润滑流场与温度场影响研究[J]. 摩擦学学报(中英文), 2025, 45(4): 525-536. WEN Wuyi, LIN Qinjie, WANG Zhongrong, et al. Influence of the impact of velocity on oil injection lubrication flow field and temperature field in high-speed aeronautical bevel gears[J]. Tribology Transactions, 2025, 45(4): 525-536. (in Chinese WEN Wuyi, LIN Qinjie, WANG Zhongrong, et al. Influence of the impact of velocity on oil injection lubrication flow field and temperature field in high-speed aeronautical bevel gears[J]. Tribology Transactions, 2025, 45（4）: 525-536. (in Chinese)
[5]	LU Fengxia, WANG Meng, PAN Wenbin, et al. CFD-based investigation of lubrication and temperature characteristics of an intermediate gearbox with splash lubrication[J]. Applied Sciences, 2021, 11(1): 35.
[6]	SHEN L, ZHU Y, SHAO S, et al. Research on splash lubrication characteristics of a spiral bevel gearbox based on the MPS method[J]. Lubricants, 2023, 11(12): 520. doi: 10.3390/lubricants11120520
[7]	鲍和云, 范永, 朱如鹏, 等. 齿轮箱浸油润滑流场及温度场仿真分析[J]. 中南大学学报(自然科学版), 2019, 50(8): 1840-1847. BAO Heyun, FAN Yong, ZHU Rupeng, et al. Simulation analysis of flow field and temperature field of oil-immersion lubrication gearbox[J]. Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology), 2019, 50(8): 1840-1847. (in Chinese BAO Heyun, FAN Yong, ZHU Rupeng, et al. Simulation analysis of flow field and temperature field of oil-immersion lubrication gearbox[J]. Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology), 2019, 50(8): 1840-1847. (in Chinese)
[8]	LIU H, DAI Y, JIA J, et al. CFD investigation into flow characteristics of a special splash lubrication in light helicopters[J]. Aerospace, 2022, 9(9): 482. doi: 10.3390/aerospace9090482
[9]	陆凤霞, 王孟, 王春雷, 等. 直升机中减飞溅润滑流场分析与优化方法[J]. 航空学报, 2020, 41(11): 123659. LU Fengxia, WANG Meng, WANG Chunlei, et al. Analysis and optimization method of splash lubrication flow field in helicopter intermediate reduction[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2020, 41(11): 123659. (in Chinese LU Fengxia, WANG Meng, WANG Chunlei, et al. Analysis and optimization method of splash lubrication flow field in helicopter intermediate reduction[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2020, 41(11): 123659. (in Chinese)
[10]	HILDEBRAND L, GENUIN S, LOHNER T, et al. Numerical analysis of the heat transfer of gears under oil dip lubrication[J]. Tribology International, 2024, 195: 10965.
[11]	张国渊, 梁茂檀, 赵洋洋, 等. 低温轴承润滑模型及快速起动理论与试验[J]. 机械工程学报, 2022, 58(1): 162-171. ZHANG Guoyuan, LIANG Maotan, ZHAO Yangyang, et al. Lubrication model and rapid start-up theory and experiment of cryogenic bearings[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2022, 58(1): 162-171. (in Chinese ZHANG Guoyuan, LIANG Maotan, ZHAO Yangyang, et al. Lubrication model and rapid start-up theory and experiment of cryogenic bearings[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2022, 58(1): 162-171. (in Chinese)
[12]	WEI Chunhui, WU Wei, HOU Xiaonan, et al. Research on flow pattern of low temperature lubrication flow field of rotating disk based on MPS method[J]. Tribology International, 2023, 180: 108221.
[13]	贾超, 方宗德. 高速齿轮传递误差和啮入冲击的激励模拟及齿面优化修形[J]. 振动与冲击, 2019, 38(23): 103-109, 138. JIA Chao, FANG Zongde. Simulation for transmission error and mesh-in impact excitation of high speed gears and their tooth surface optimal modification[J]. Journal of Vibration and Shock, 2019, 38(23): 103-109, 138. (in Chinese JIA Chao, FANG Zongde. Simulation for transmission error and mesh-in impact excitation of high speed gears and their tooth surface optimal modification[J]. Journal of Vibration and Shock, 2019, 38(23): 103-109, 138. (in Chinese)
[14]	贾超, 方宗德, 张永振. 高速内啮合人字齿轮多目标优化修形[J]. 哈尔滨工业大学学报, 2017, 49(1): 166-17. JIA Chao, FANG Zongde, ZHANG Yongzhen. Multi-objective optimal modification for internal double helical gears with high speed[J]. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology, 2017, 49(1): 166-17. (in Chinese doi: 10.11918/j.issn.0367-6234.2017.01.025 JIA Chao, FANG Zongde, ZHANG Yongzhen. Multi-objective optimal modification for internal double helical gears with high speed[J]. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology, 2017, 49(1): 166-17. (in Chinese) doi: 10.11918/j.issn.0367-6234.2017.01.025
[15]	唐沛, 王乐, 任少英, 等. 基于CFD方法的轮毂电驱动行星齿轮搅油功率损失仿真与分析[J]. 机械传动, 2023, 47(11): 123-128. TANG Pei, WANG Le, Ren Shaoying, et al. Simulation and analysis of oil churning power loss in hub motor-driven planetary gears based on CFD method[J]. Journal of Mechanical Transmission, 2023, 47(11): 123-128. (in Chinese TANG Pei, WANG Le, Ren Shaoying, et al. Simulation and analysis of oil churning power loss in hub motor-driven planetary gears based on CFD method[J]. Journal of Mechanical Transmission, 2023, 47(11): 123-128. (in Chinese)
[16]	ZHOU Changjiang, JIANG Xinghe, SU Jie, et al. Injection lubrication for high-speed helical gears using the overset mesh method and experimental verification[J]. Tribology International, 2022, 173: 10764.
[17]	姜义尧, 胡小舟, 孙凯. 某型直升机中减速器飞溅润滑流场特性分析[J]. 航空动力学报, 2018, 33(12): 3032-3040. JIANG Yiyao, HU Xiaozhou, SUN Kai. Analysis of flow field characteristics of medium reducer with splash lubrication in a certain helicopter[J]. Journal of Aerospace Power, 2018, 33(12): 3032-3040. (in Chinese JIANG Yiyao, HU Xiaozhou, SUN Kai. Analysis of flow field characteristics of medium reducer with splash lubrication in a certain helicopter[J]. Journal of Aerospace Power, 2018, 33(12): 3032-3040. (in Chinese)
[18]	HU Xiaozhou, LI Pingping, WU Minggui. Influence of the dynamic motion of a splash-lubricated gearbox on churning power losses[J]. Energies, 2019, 12(17): 3225. doi: 10.3390/en12173225
[19]	李玉哲, 艾永生, 刘卫真, 等. 基于CFD的某减速器飞溅润滑仿真分析与验证[J]. 航空动力学报, 2020, 35(7): 1482-1488. LI Yuzhe, AI Yongsheng, LIU Weizhen, et al. Simulation analysis and verification of splash lubrication for a certain reducer based on CFD[J]. Journal of Aerospace Power, 2020, 35(7): 1482-1488. (in Chinese LI Yuzhe, AI Yongsheng, LIU Weizhen, et al. Simulation analysis and verification of splash lubrication for a certain reducer based on CFD[J]. Journal of Aerospace Power, 2020, 35(7): 1482-1488. (in Chinese)
[20]	刘红彬, 刘公平, 王海洋, 等. 高速角接触球轴承腔内气液两相流模拟分析[J]. 航空动力学报, 2018, 33(5): 1103-1111. LIU Hongbin, LIU Gongping, WANG Haiyang, et al. Numerical simulation of two-phase air/oil flow in high speed angular contact ball bearing chamber[J]. Journal of Aerospace Power, 2018, 33(5): 1103-1111. (in Chinese LIU Hongbin, LIU Gongping, WANG Haiyang, et al. Numerical simulation of two-phase air/oil flow in high speed angular contact ball bearing chamber[J]. Journal of Aerospace Power, 2018, 33(5): 1103-1111. (in Chinese)
[21]	LIU Jing, NI Hengtai, XU Zidan, et al. A simulation analysis for lubricating characteristics of an oil-jet lubricated ball bearing[J]. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 2021, 113: 102371. doi: 10.1016/j.simpat.2021.102371
[22]	YAN Ke, DONG Lei, ZHENG Junhao, et al. Flow performance analysis of different air supply methods for high speed and low friction ball bearing[J]. Tribology International, 2018, 121: 94-107. doi: 10.1016/j.triboint.2018.01.035
[23]	LI Sen, LI Liang. Computational investigation of baffle influence on windage loss in helical geared transmissions[J]. Tribology International, 2021, 156: 10685.
[24]	张帆, 杜文风, 张皓, 等. 基于仿生子结构的十字交叉节点拓扑优化研究[J]. 建筑结构学报, 2020, 41(增刊1): 55-65. ZHANG Fan, DU Wenfeng, ZHANG Hao, et al. Research on topology optimization of crossed nodes based on bionic substructure[J]. Journal of Building Structures, 2020, 41(Suppl.1): 55-65. (in Chinese ZHANG Fan, DU Wenfeng, ZHANG Hao, et al. Research on topology optimization of crossed nodes based on bionic substructure[J]. Journal of Building Structures, 2020, 41(Suppl.1): 55-65. (in Chinese)
[25]	许华超, 朱豪杰, 韩振华, 等. 基于代理模型和敏感度分析的直升机主减速器减振优化[J]. 航空动力学报, 2024, 39(11): 20220884. XU Huachao, ZHU Haojie, HAN Zhenhua, et al. Vibration reduction optimization of helicopter main gearbox based on surrogate model and sensitivity analysis[J]. Journal of Aerospace Power, 2024, 39(11): 20220884. (in Chinese XU Huachao, ZHU Haojie, HAN Zhenhua, et al. Vibration reduction optimization of helicopter main gearbox based on surrogate model and sensitivity analysis[J]. Journal of Aerospace Power, 2024, 39(11): 20220884. (in Chinese)
[26]	童水光, 何顺, 童哲铭, 等. 基于组合近似模型的轻量化设计方法[J]. 中国机械工程, 2020, 31(11): 1337-134. TONG Shuiguang, HE Shun, TONG Zheming, et al. Lightweight design method based on combined approximation model[J]. China Mechanical Engineering, 2020, 31(11): 1337-134. (in Chinese TONG Shuiguang, HE Shun, TONG Zheming, et al. Lightweight design method based on combined approximation model[J]. China Mechanical Engineering, 2020, 31(11): 1337-134. (in Chinese)