Numerical modeling and performance investigation of water enhanced turbofan engine
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摘要:
为了分析涡扇发动机内涵排气中水工质循环利用的可行性及其节能减排效果，开发了由蒸发器、冷凝器、蒸汽涡轮、混合器组成的水增强系统仿真模型，并进一步建立了常规超高涵道比涡扇发动机、水增强涡扇发动机总体性能仿真模型，对比分析了不同飞行工况下发动机的性能。与传统的涡扇发动机架构相比，水增强涡扇发动机实现了尾气内水工质的循环利用，巡航工况下耗油率与比能耗分别下降了13.2%和13.5%。水增强涡扇发动机碳氧化物的排放相较于传统的涡扇发动机有明显改善，但其氮氧化物的排放有所增加。氢燃料的应用使得水增强涡扇发动机燃料的消耗显著降低，实现了零碳排放且氮氧化物的排放也有所改善。
Abstract:To analyze the feasibility and energy-saving and emission reduction effects of recycling water working fluid in the exhaust of a turbofan engine, a simulation model of a water-enhanced system consisting of an evaporator, condenser, steam turbine and mixer was developed. Furthermore, a comprehensive performance simulation model for a conventional ultra-high bypass ratio turbofan engine and a water-enhanced turbofan engine was established to compare and analyze the engine performance under different flight conditions. Compared with the traditional turbofan engine architecture, the water-enhanced turbofan engine achieved the recycling of water working fluid in the exhaust, resulting in a 13.2% reduction in fuel consumption rate and a 13.5% reduction in specific energy consumption during cruising condition. The water-enhanced turbofan engine showed a significant improvement in carbon oxide emissions compared with traditional turbofan engines, although its nitrogen oxide emissions increased. The application of hydrogen fuel significantly reduced the fuel consumption of the water-enhanced turbofan engine, achieving zero carbon emissions while improving nitrogen oxide emissions.
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图 1 MTU公司水增强涡扇发动机原理示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of MTU company’s water enhanced turbofan engine
图 2 涡轮基发动机总体性能仿真程序组件
Figure 2. Component of the overall performance simulation program for turbocharged engines
图 3 超高涵道比涡扇发动机示意图
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of ultra-high bypass ratio turbofan engine
图 4 水增强涡扇发动机系统架构图
Figure 4. Architecture diagram of water enhanced turbofan engine system
图 9 传统架构与水增强发动机耗油率随推力的变化关系
Figure 9. Relationship between fuel consumption rate and thrust variation of traditional architecture and water enhanced turbofan
图 10 传统架构与水增强发动机比能耗随推力的变化关系
Figure 10. Relationship between specific energy consumption and thrust variation of traditional architecture and water enhanced turbofan
图 11 不同架构下碳氧化物的排放随推力的变化关系
Figure 11. Relationship between carbon oxide emissions and thrust under different architectures
图 12 不同架构下氮氧化物的排放随推力的变化关系
Figure 12. Relationship between nitrogen oxide emissions and thrust under different architectures
图 13 不同燃料下燃油流量随燃烧室出口温度的变化关系
Figure 13. Relationship between fuel flow rate and combustion chamber outlet temperature under different fuels
图 14 不同燃料下耗油率随推力的变化关系
Figure 14. Relationship between fuel consumption rate and thrust under different fuels
图 15 不同燃料下比能耗随推力的变化关系
Figure 15. Relationship between specific energy consumption and thrust under different fuels
图 16 不同燃料下氮氧化物的排放随推力的变化关系
Figure 16. Relationship between nitrogen oxide emissions and thrust under different fuels
模型设计参数 数值 飞行高度/m 0 飞行马赫数 0 涵道比 23.2 推力/kN 147 风扇压比 1.26 压气机压比 22.22 压气机效率 0.9 燃烧室出口温度/K 1 900 燃烧室效率 0.99 高压涡轮效率 0.9 低压涡轮效率 0.9 
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表 2 水增强发动机模型的对比结果
Table 2. Comparison results of water enhanced turbofan models
高度/m 马赫数 推力/kN 对比工况 燃烧室
出口温度/
K耗油率/
（g/（kN·s））比能耗/
（W/N）蒸发器
换热量/
MW蒸发器
入口水量/
（kg/s）冷凝器
换热量/
（MW）冷凝器
冷凝水量/
（kg/s）0 0 147
（起飞）设计点A 1900 6.38 276 17.9 13.9 仿真结果 1901 6.41 274 18.21 6.5 5.45 7.8 误差/% 0.42 0.47 0.72 1.73 10688 0.78 22.8
（巡航）非设计点B 1600 12.69 549 6.07 6.07 仿真结果 1644 13.17 563 5.92 2.78 2.40 3.18 误差/% 2.75 3.64 4.7 2.47 10688 0.78 27.6
（爬升）非设计点C 1720 12.32 533 7.7 7.5 仿真结果 1731 13.38 572 6.91 2.82 2.83 3.29 误差/% 0.6 8.6 7.32 10.3
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表 3 起飞工况（设计点）下不同类型发动机的性能对比
Table 3. Comparison result of different types of engines under takeoff conditions （design point）
发动机类型 涵道比 推力/kN 耗油率/（g/（kN·s）） 比能耗/（W/N） 传统架构涡扇发动机 11 147 7.52 320 水增强涡扇发动机 24 147 6.41 274
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