航空发动机转子盲腔螺栓拧紧技术研究进展

李兆宇; 李小强; 张鹏飞; 薛立仲; 张宗江; 赵罡

doi:10.13224/j.cnki.jasp.20250177

航空发动机转子盲腔螺栓拧紧技术研究进展

doi: 10.13224/j.cnki.jasp.20250177

李兆宇^1,,
李小强¹,
张鹏飞^2,*, ,,
薛立仲¹,
张宗江¹,
赵罡^{1, 2}

1.
北京航空航天大学机械工程及自动化学院，北京 100191
2.
北京航空航天大学航空发动机研究院，北京 100191

基金项目: 国家科技重大专项（J2022-Ⅶ-0001-0043）；冗余自由度工业机器人项目（2024ZY01050）

详细信息

作者简介:
李兆宇（1993-），男，博士生，主要从事航空制造工艺与装备方面的研究。E-mail：lzy24@buaa.edu.cn

通讯作者:
张鹏飞（1990-），男，助理研究员，博士，主要从事智能装配与机器视觉技术方面的研究。E-mail：ftd423@buaa.edu.cn

中图分类号: V229⁺.1
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-04-14
- 网络出版日期: 2026-09-03

Research progress of blind cavity bolt tightening technology for aeroengine rotors

1.
School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation，Beihang University，Beijing 100191，China
2.
Research Institute of Aero-Engine，Beihang University，Beijing 100191，China

摘要

摘要:
综述了航空发动机转子盲腔螺栓拧紧技术的研究现状。以转子盲腔螺栓拧紧的技术需求为牵引，从拧紧工艺、拧紧装备以及拧紧检测3个方面展开论述。首先，围绕转子止口配合和螺栓连接两个阶段总结了止口压装工艺、力矩转角法和多轴拧紧法等优化工艺；其次，围绕装备构型设计和精度控制方法两个方面，总结了拧紧装备的力矩传递方式、机构展开方式、整体构型发展以及螺栓定位和拧紧精度控制方法等研究成果；最后，围绕螺栓拧紧的检测方法，总结了当前拧紧力矩、转角和预紧力的检测技术。研究结果表明：为彻底突破转子盲腔狭小空间的限制，提升转子装配质量，盲腔螺栓拧紧技术将向着压装-拧紧-测量一体化、机器人智能拧紧以及多模态融合测量的方向发展。
- 航空发动机转子 /
- 盲腔螺栓 /
- 拧紧工艺 /
- 拧紧装备 /
- 拧紧检测
Abstract:
The current research status of blind cavity bolt tightening technology for aircraft engine rotors was summarized. Guided by the technical requirements for tightening bolts in rotor blind cavities, three aspects were discussed: tightening process, tightening equipment, and tightening inspection. Firstly, focusing on the two stages of rotor rabbet fit and bolt connection, optimized processes such as rabbet press-fitting process, torque-rotation angle method, and multi-axis tightening method were summarized. Secondly, focusing on equipment configuration design and accuracy control methods, research results such as torque transmission methods of tightening equipment, mechanism deployment methods, overall configuration development, as well as bolt positioning and tightening accuracy control methods were summarized. Finally, focusing on bolt tightening inspection methods, current detection technologies for tightening torque, rotation angle, and pre-tightening force were summarized. The research results indicate that to fully overcome the limitations of the narrow space in rotor blind cavities and enhance rotor assembly quality, the blind cavity bolt tightening technology will develop towards an integrated process of press-fitting, tightening, and measurement, intelligent robotic tightening, and multi-modal fusion measurement.
- aeroengine rotor /
- blind cavity bolt /
- tightening process /
- tightening equipment /
- tightening measurement

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图 1 转子盲腔结构及螺栓拧紧方式

Figure 1. Rotor blind cavity structure and bolt tightening method

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图 2 转子热装过程中的止口配合

Figure 2. Rabbet fit during rotor hot assembly

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图 3 压装工艺机理分析^[8]

Figure 3. Analysis of the mechanism of press-fit process^[8]

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图 4 国内外压装设备^[12-15]

Figure 4. Press-fit equipment at home and abroad^[12-15]

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图 5 预紧力-转角关系

Figure 5. Relationship of the preload and angle

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图 6 力矩法和力矩转角法的试验研究^[21]

Figure 6. Experimental study on torque method and torque-angle method^[21]

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图 7 力矩转角法的应用^[24]

Figure 7. Application of torque angle method^[24]

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图 8 螺栓弹性相互作用示意图

Figure 8. Schematic diagram of bolt elastic interaction

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图 9 多轴拧紧仿真分析结果^[29]

Figure 9. Multi-axis tightening simulation analysis results^[29]

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图 10 多轴拧紧设备研究^[32]

Figure 10. Research on multi-axis tightening equipment^[32]

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图 11 力矩传递方式^[33-36]

Figure 11. Torque transmission method^[33-36]

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图 12 展开结构示意图^{[33, 38-39]}

Figure 12. Unfolding structure diagram^{[33, 38-39]}

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图 13 盲腔螺栓拧紧装备发展趋势

Figure 13. Development trend of bolt tightening equipment for blind cavity

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图 14 盲腔拧紧装备中的内外对应定位方式^[49]

Figure 14. Internal and external corresponding positioning method in blind cavity tightening equipment^[49]

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图 15 视觉识别定位方式^[51]

Figure 15. Visual recognition positioning method^[51]

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图 16 校准法示意图

Figure 16. Schematic diagram of calibration method

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图 17 闭环控制方法示意图

Figure 17. Schematic diagram of closed loop control method

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图 18 基于图像视觉的转角检测方法^[58]

Figure 18. Angle measurement method based on image vision^[58]

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图 19 基于射频识别技术的转角检测方法^[60]

Figure 19. Angle measurement method based on radio frequency identification technology^[60]

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图 20 超声测量法的应用^[70]

Figure 20. Application of ultrasonic measurement method^[70]

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表 1 不同力矩传递方式比较

Table 1. Comparison of different torque transfer methods

力矩传递方式	优点	缺点	应用工况
齿轮传动	拧紧效率高	刚度不足	小力矩螺栓拧紧
整体摆动	结构刚度高	拧紧效率低	大力矩螺栓拧紧
软轴传动	传递精度高	刚度不足	小力矩螺栓拧紧
万向节传动	传递精度高	结构复杂	大力矩螺栓拧紧

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表 2 不同拧紧机构展开方式比较

Table 2. Comparison of deployment methods for different tightening mechanisms

展开方式	优点	缺点	应用场景
蜗轮蜗杆结构	传动平稳	加工精度要求高	小盘径比盲腔结构
连杆结构	结构紧凑	装配困难	小盘径比盲腔结构
滑轨结构	运动精度高	占据空间较大	小盘径比盲腔结构
齿轮结构	可达性高	运动精度控制难度大	大盘径比盲腔结构

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表 3 力矩检测方法总结

Table 3. Summary of torque measurement methods

力矩检测方法	具体分类	测量原理	信号传递方式
应变式	碳刷式力矩传感器	应变电桥电阻转化为电压信号	接触式
	电磁感应式力矩传感器	线圈电磁感应转化为电信号	非接触式
	无线传输式力矩传感器	无线信号发射接收单元实现信号传递	非接触式
转角式	电磁式传感器	线圈电磁感应转化为电信号	非接触式
转角式	光电测量原理	光敏元件感应电信号	非接触式

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表 4 非接触式力矩传感器的主要研究方向

Table 4. Main research directions of non-contact torque sensors

研究方向	特点	测量精度	响应速度	传感器体积	成熟度
无线信号传输模块	利用物理场穿透性传递信号	较高	较快	大	成熟
特殊力矩敏感材料	利用材料物理特性传递信号	高	快	较小	不成熟

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表 5 螺栓预紧力先进检测方法总结

Table 5. Summary of advanced measurement methods for bolt preload

测量方法	测量原理	应用条件
超声测量	声弹性效应	在螺栓上安装超声波发射接收器
压电主动式测量	压电效应	在被连接件表面安装压电片
电阻应变测量	应变-电阻效应	在螺栓内部安装MEMS传感器或螺栓表面安装电阻应变片
光纤光栅测量	光纤光栅布拉格效应	在螺栓内部、螺栓表面或垫片内部安装FBG传感器

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