Research progress on axial force measurement technology for aero-engine rotors
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摘要:
航空发动机转子轴向力测量是发动机压力平衡试验中获取转子轴向力的重要手段，其轴向力测量结果对于转子结构安全性评估、气动改进设计、轴向力调节等具有重要意义。论文阐述了航空发动机转子轴向力测量要求，分析了常见转子轴向力测量方法的特点及其在航空发动机转子轴向力测量中的适用性。针对航空发动机结构特点和工作环境条件，重点论述了航空发动机转子轴向力测量中的气流压力测量法、测力环测量法、鼠笼弹支测量法的基本原理和应用案例，指出了目前存在的主要问题，并进一步论述了它们的发展趋势和面临的挑战。气流压力测量法、测力环测量法和鼠笼弹支测量法仍将作为今后航空发动机转子轴向力测量中的主流方法，还需要在测量精度、测量稳定性、测量灵敏度等方面进行提升，以消除目前存在的影响其测量效果的弊端。
Abstract:The measurement of axial force in aero-engine rotors is a critical method for obtaining rotor axial forces during engine pressure balance tests. The results of axial force measurements are of great significance for assessing rotor structural safety, aerodynamic design improvements, and axial force adjustments. The requirements for axial force measurement in aero-engine rotors were outlined, and the characteristics of common measurement methods, along with their applicability in aero-engine applications, were analyzed. Focusing on the structural features and operational conditions of aero-engines, the study elaborated on the fundamental principles and application cases of key measurement techniques, including airflow pressure measurement method, force-measuring ring measurement method, and squirrel cage elastic support measurement method. Additionally, it highlighted the current challenges in these techniques and discussed their future development trends and potential obstacles. Airflow pressure measurement method, force-measuring ring measurement method, and squirrel cage elastic support measurement method will continue to be utilized as mainstream methods for measuring axial force in aero-engine rotors in the future. Further improvements are required for measurement accuracy, stability, and sensitivity to address the shortcomings that currently affect their measurement effectiveness.
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图 1 轴承外环分体式和一体化鼠笼弹支
Figure 1. Split-type and integrated squirrel cage elastic support for bearing outer rings
图 17 转子轴向力可测一体化鼠笼弹支构型
Figure 17. Integrated squirrel cage elastic support configuration with measurable rotor axial force
表 1 转子轴向力测量方法在航空发动机中的适用性分析
Table 1. Applicability analysis of rotor axial force measurement methods in aero-engines
测量方法 优势 局限 适用情况 参考文献 气流压力
测量法测量方法简单，不需修改发动机
结构，能够获得轴向力的各个
分量，利于轴向力的分析和调整拟合公式参数复杂，测量精度取决于所用测量参数是否全面和拟合公式是否准确，部分空气盘腔测试管线布置困难 适用于航空发动机领域 [63] 测力环
测量法实时直接测量，较灵敏，具有测量
加/减速过程瞬时轴向力的能力，
测量精度较高需要进行测试改装以预留测力环的安装空间，存在测力环
温漂、偏载、卡滞等问题常用于航空发动机领域 [59]、[68] 鼠笼弹支
测量法相对简单，对发动机的改装小 测量精度受弹性薄弱位置处
的轴向刚度影响，测量精度
难以保证在大推力涡扇发动机上有
应用，目前不适用于中小
型航空发动机的情形[31]、[94] 应变天平
测量法可同时测量轴向力、扭矩、
弯矩等多分量的载荷结构复杂，轴向或径向尺寸
较大，各气动力分量之间会有
不同程度的干扰主要用于飞行器风洞试验中
的旋翼载荷测量，未见用于
航空发动机领域[64-65] S型力传感器
测量法结构简单，测量精度高 安装需要较大空间，不适合
结构紧凑的轴向力测量场景主要用于水泵等轴向安装
空间较大的场景，未见用于
航空发动机领域[67] 止推片/推力
轴承测量法无需专门设计加工专门的
测力元件止推片/推力轴承刚度大，在
轴向力作用下变形小，
轴向力测量不灵敏主要用于涡轮增压器或重载
设备的轴向力测量，未见
用于航空发动机领域[69-70] 位移传感器
测量法测量简单，无需设计加工
专门的测力元件需要有空间布置和固定位移
传感器，传感器可照射到
轴端，测量灵敏度较低，
易受振动等影响主要用于盾构机转盘轴承、
汽车驱动总成转子、火箭
发动机涡轮泵轴向力测量，
未见用于航空发动机领域[18]、[26]、[75] 压电式测力仪
测量法质量轻，灵敏度较高，具备较高的
刚度，能够承受大力值
动态冲击对湿度和温度极为敏感，
不适合静态或低频测量，
易受电磁和机械振动干扰主要用于泵和压缩机领域，
未见用于航空发动机领域[53-55] 垫圈式称重
传感器测量法安装方便，结构尺寸小，质量轻 安装在连接机匣与轴承座法兰的螺栓垫圈之间，响应速度较慢，受热冲击影响大，需要多次校准，测量精度不高 在涡喷发动机转子轴向力
单次测量中有原理验证，不
适合于长期持续测量[79] 高速摄影
测量法可同时测量旋转轴的轴向力和
扭矩载荷，不必考虑线路
缠绕问题转轴需要能够被高速摄像机照射到，数据处理复杂、设备昂贵，环境适应性差 适合于转轴裸露在外的情形，
未见航空发动机领域[60] 
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