Mission-driven aerodynamic optimization method for tiltrotor blades
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摘要:
针对倾转旋翼机桨叶在悬停状态和巡航状态下的最优外形存在强矛盾这一难题,在倾转旋翼桨叶的优化设计中综合考虑不同任务场景下的总能耗,发展了任务场景驱动的倾转旋翼桨叶气动优化设计方法,确保飞行性能与效率的全面提升。考虑垂直起飞、巡航、悬停等典型阶段及其工作时长,以整个任务场景所消耗的总能量为目标,将多点多目标问题转化为单目标问题,分别分析了侧重于巡航和悬停任务场景下优化桨叶的外形差距,结果表明,发展的方法可实现倾转旋翼桨叶在多工况下都具有较高的气动性能,优化时间相比多目标优化节省69.67%。
Abstract:To address the significant contradiction between the optimal blade shapes of tiltrotor aircraft in hover and cruise modes, a mission scenario-driven aerodynamic optimization design method for tiltrotor blades was developed. This approach comprehensively considered the total energy consumption across different mission scenarios to ensure overall improvements in flight performance and efficiency. By incorporating typical mission phases including vertical takeoff, cruise, and hover and their respective durations, the method transformed the multi-point multi-objective optimization problem into a single-objective optimization problem with the total energy consumption of the entire mission scenario as the objective. The shape differences of the optimized blades under cruise and hover-focused mission scenarios were analyzed. Results indicated that the developed method achieved high aerodynamic performance of tiltrotor blades across multiple operating conditions, with optimization time reduced by 69.67% compared with multi-objective optimization.
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Key words:
- tiltrotor /
- multi-objective optimization /
- aerodynamic optimization /
- mission-driven /
- surrogate model
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表 1 设计变量范围及4种桨叶方案的设计变量取值
Table 1. Design variable range and values of design variables for the 4 blade schemes
设计变量 范围 取值 上界 下界 Opt-1 Opt-2 Opt-3 Opt-4 桨根处扭转角/(º) 70.00 30.00 39.00 38.44 36.00 32.21 桨尖处扭转角/(º) 40.00 0.00 2.36 2.68 3.51 4.54 扭转角函数极值位置r1/R 2.00 1.00 1.70 1.31 1.46 1.42 桨根处弦长C1/R 0.25 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.13 桨尖处弦长C2/R 0.15 0.05 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11 最大弦长C3/R 0.25 0.08 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.13 最大弦长位置r2/R 0.50 0.20 0.20 0.30 0.30 0.20 表 2 优化桨叶在悬停状态下的气动特性(ROTNS)
Table 2. Aerodynamic characteristics of optimized rotor blades in hover mode (ROTNS)
参数 Opt-1 Opt-2 Opt-3 Opt-4 转速/(r/min) 754 761 743 749 拉力/N 20623.3 20608.8 20601.5 20604.3 扭矩/(N·m) 6307.1 6171.3 6255.6 6183.0 轴功率/kW 498.0 491.3 486.7 484.9 悬停效率/% 73.92 74.77 75.51 75.80 表 3 优化桨叶在巡航状态下的气动特性(ROTNS)
Table 3. Aerodynamic characteristics of optimized rotor blades in cruise mode (ROTNS)
参数 Opt-1 Opt-2 Opt-3 Opt-4 转速/(r/min) 400 400 408 429 拉力/N 1807.0 1803.0 1806.7 1805.1 扭矩/(N·m) 4398.2 4428.5 4410.4 4371.4 轴功率/kW 184.2 186.2 188.4 196.4 悬停效率/% 87.29 86.08 85.33 81.71 表 4 任务场景一(以巡航为主)的任务剖面参数
Table 4. Mission profile parameters for mission scenario 1 (cruise-focused)
飞行模式 高度/km 速度/(m/s) 拉力/N 工作时间/h 巡航 0.1 88.9 1800 2.80 垂直起飞 0 0 20600 0.14 悬停 0 0 19000 0.12 表 5 由ROTNS评估的优化桨叶在不同飞行模式下的气动特性(任务场景一)
Table 5. Aerodynamic characteristics of the optimized blade at different flight modes evaluated by ROTNS(mission scenario 1)
气动特性 数值 巡航 垂直起飞 悬停 桨距角/(°) 42.43 11.43 11.43 转速/(r/min) 412.2 751.0 723.0 拉力/N 1800.5 20602.0 19000.3 扭矩/(N·m) 4242.4 6297.7 5785.9 轴功率/kW 183.1 495.2 438.1 效率/% 87.41 74.21 74.30 表 6 优化桨叶在各任务阶段的轴功率及总能耗(任务场景一)
Table 6. Shaft power and total energy consumption of the optimized blade across mission phases(mission scenario 1)
参数 巡航 垂直起飞 悬停 总能耗/(kW·h) 轴功率/kW 183.1 495.2 438.1 时间/h 2.80 0.14 0.12 能耗/(kW·h) 512.7 69.3 52.6 634.6 表 7 任务场景二(以悬停为主)的任务剖面参数
Table 7. Mission profile parameters for mission scenario 2 (hover-focused)
飞行模式 高度/km 速度/(m/s) 拉力/N 工作时间/h 巡航 0.1 88.9 1800 0.50 垂直起飞 0 0 20600 0.14 悬停 0 0 19000 2.42 表 8 由ROTNS评估的优化桨叶在不同飞行模式下的气动特性(任务场景二)
Table 8. Aerodynamic characteristics of the optimized blade at different flight modes evaluated by ROTNS(mission scenario 2)
气动特性 数值 巡航 垂直起飞 悬停 桨距角/(°) 41.84 9.83 9.83 转速/(r/min) 416.2 753.0 725.0 拉力/N 1808.4 20603.2 19003.3 扭矩/(N·m) 4319.3 6203.9 5704.6 轴功率/kW 188.2 489.2 433.1 效率/% 85.44 75.13 75.18 表 9 优化桨叶在各任务阶段的轴功率及总能耗(任务场景二)
Table 9. Shaft power and total energy consumption of the optimized blade across mission phases(mission scenario 2)
参数 巡航 垂直起飞 悬停 总能耗/(kW·h) 轴功率/kW 188.2 489.2 433.1 时间/h 0.50 0.14 2.42 能耗/(kW·h) 94.1 68.5 1048.1 1210.7 表 10 任务场景驱动与多点多目标优化结果对比
Table 10. Comparison of mission-driven and multi-point multi-objective optimization results %
工况 推进效率 悬停效率 任务场景驱动MS-1 巡航 87.41 垂直起飞 74.21 多目标优化Opt-1 巡航 87.29 / 垂直起飞 73.92 任务场景驱动MS-2 巡航 85.44 垂直起飞 75.13 多目标优化Opt-4 巡航 81.71 垂直起飞 75.80 -
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