Key technologies in engineering applications of converting automotive piston engines for aviation use
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摘要:
航空活塞发动机凭借其低成本、低速性能优良等优点,在各类“低空经济”应用场景中被广泛采用。以汽车用活塞发动机为基础进行航空适用性改造,可进一步降低该类航空发动机的开发与使用成本。基于某型车用自然吸气汽油活塞发动机,探讨了活塞发动机“汽改航”工程应用中的关键技术。提出并建立了该型发动机电子控制系统物理模型及可靠性评估模型,控制系统双冗余设计可将系统平均无故障时间由单系统的3 103.02 h大幅提升至
9508.23 h;依据飞机端载荷、巡航质量及速度等对发动机的动力需求及其动力传递路径,提出了一种涵盖飞机-螺旋桨-减速器-发动机的四维度“飞-桨-发匹配”流程。依据该匹配流程动态设定发动机转速及功率、螺旋桨桨叶角及减速器速比,可获得最大巡航航程;为了满足7 000 m高空的动力输出需求,提出了高空使用环境下的废气涡轮增压器选型与适配计算方法,所选型增压器与发动机匹配工况下可工作在高效区间。研究结果可为车用活塞发动机“汽改航”工程应用提供参考。Abstract:Aviation piston engines are widely adopted in various “low-altitude economy” application scenarios due to their advantages such as low cost and excellent low-speed performance. The adaptation of automotive piston engines for aviation purposes will further reduce the development and usage costs of such aviation engines. Based on a certain type of naturally aspirated gasoline piston engine for automobiles, the key technologies in the “car-to-aircraft” conversion of piston engines were discussed. The physical model and reliability assessment model for this engine’s electronic control system were proposed and established. The dual-redundant design of the control system can significantly increase the system’s mean time between failures from
3103.02 h for a single system to9508.23 h. According to the power requirements of the aircraft and the power transmission path, an aircraft-propeller-engine matching process was proposed, which included the aircraft, propeller, reducer, and engine. By dynamically setting the engine speed and power, propeller blade angle, and reducer speed ratio in accordance with this matching process, the maximum cruise range can be obtained. To meet the power output requirements at an altitude of7000 m, a method for selecting and matching a turbocharger suitable for high-altitude operating environments was developed. The selected turbocharger can operate within an efficient range under matched conditions with the engine. The research results can provide a reference for the “car-to-aircraft” conversion of automotive piston engines. -
表 1 发动机单控制系统操作符数据
Table 1. Operator data of the single control system of the engine
编号 操作符类型 单元/零部件名称 成功概率 1 5,信号发生器 节气门位置信号 1 2 5,信号发生器 进气压力温度信号 1 3 5,信号发生器 曲轴位置信号 1 4 5,信号发生器 凸轮轴位置信号 1 5 5,信号发生器 机油压力温度信号 1 6 5,信号发生器 冷却液温度信号 1 7 5,信号发生器 进气质量流量温度信号 1 8_1~8_5 10,逻辑操作符“与门” 9 1,两状态单元 节气门位置传感器 0.9999985 10 1,两状态单元 进气压力温度传感器 0.9999985 11 1,两状态单元 曲轴位置传感器 0.9999985 12 1,两状态单元 凸轮轴位置传感器 0.9999985 13 1,两状态单元 机油压力温度传感器 0.9999985 14 1,两状态单元 冷却液温度传感器 0.9999985 15 1,两状态单元 进气质量流量温度传感器 0.9999985 16 6,有信号而导通的元件 节气门体 0.9999988 17_1~17_3 3,触发发生器 控制开关继电器 0.999999932 18_1~18_8 6,有信号而导通的元件 喷油器 0.9999875 19_1~19_8 6,有信号而导通的元件 点火线圈 0.99999988 20_1~20_8 3,触发发生器 火花塞 0.999999873 21 5,信号发生器 蓄电池供电 0.99999973 22 5,信号发生器 控制模块供电 0.9999978668 23 13,多路输入输出器 控制模块(硬件、软件) 0.9999978668 24 10,逻辑操作符与门 25 10,逻辑操作符与门 表 2 某型发动机控制系统相关零部件冗余设计必要性和可行性分析
Table 2. Analysis of the necessity and feasibility of redundancy design for relevant components of a certain type of engine control system
单元名称 必要性 可行性 进气压力温度传感器 整车负荷判断来源,
其信号直接决定喷油量进气歧管开孔布置,
靠近原机进气压力传感器曲轴位置传感器 提供曲轴旋转位置和转速信号,控制模块以此为基础计算点火、
喷油时间及喷油量等霍尔传感器,面向飞轮盘,
L型角码安装支架方案冷却液温度传感器 为喷油量修正、点火正时调整、
怠速控制等发动机关键功能提供温度基准主流道缸体适当位置开孔 发动机控制开关继电器 安全启动发动机并管理
点火系统、燃油喷射等关键电路控制系统电气盒集成 喷油器 为发动机精准、稳定喷油 进气道开孔布置,靠近原机喷油器位置 蓄电池供电 为模块及传感器供电 控制系统电气盒集成 控制模块供电 为相关传感器供电 同控制模块 控制模块(硬件、软件) 控制系统的中枢 控制系统电气盒集成 表 3 某型发动机冗余控制系统操作符数据
Table 3. Operator data of redundant control system for a certain type of engine
编号 操作符类型 单元名称 成功概率 10 1,两状态单元 进气压力传感器 0.99999999999775 11 1,两状态单元 曲轴位置传感器 0.99999999999775 14 1,两状态单元 冷却液温度传感器 0.99999999999775 17_1~17_3 3,触发发生器 发动机控制开关继电器 0.999999999999995 18_1~18_8 6,有信号而导通的元件 喷油器 0.99999999984375 21 5,信号发生器 蓄电池供电 0.999999999999927 22 5,信号发生器 控制模块供电 0.999999999995449 23 13,多路输入输出器 控制模块(硬件、软件) 0.999999999995449 表 4 系统基本特征及匹配优化目标
Table 4. Basic characteristics of the system and matching optimization objectives
系统 飞机 发动机 减速器 螺旋桨 特征描述 翼型Clark Y
机翼面积为18 m2外特性最大功率为
320 kW@5 000 r/min齿轮传动效率为0.98 三叶桨直径为2.1 m 设计目标 1) 起飞滑跑距离不大于500 m;
2) 能达到的巡航航程最远工作在低油耗率区间 匹配发动机与螺旋桨转速 工作在高效率区域 优化选项 工作转速及功率选择 减速比选择 转速及桨叶角选择 表 5 桨叶角为17°、19°、21°时不同进距比下螺旋桨吸收功率、发动机输出功率、螺旋桨推拉力
Table 5. Propeller absorbed power, engine output power, and propeller thrust at different advance ratios when the blade angle is 17°, 19°, and 21°
进距比 飞机
速度/(m/s)桨叶角为17° 桨叶角为19° 桨叶角为21° 螺旋桨
功率/kW发动机
功率/kW推拉力/
N螺旋桨
功率/kW发动机
功率/kW推拉力/
N螺旋桨
功率/kW发动机
功率/kW推拉力/
N0.1429 12.50 255.62 260.83 5939.87 295.31 301.34 6405.72 338.58 345.49 6802.89 0.2143 18.75 261.29 266.62 5704.87 300.27 306.40 6190.98 344.60 351.64 6644.87 0.2857 25.00 266.61 272.05 5453.66 304.88 311.10 5931.67 349.21 356.34 6430.13 0.3571 31.25 270.51 276.03 5165.98 308.78 315.08 5648.05 352.76 359.96 6162.72 0.4286 37.50 267.67 273.13 4772.96 311.97 318.34 5356.33 354.89 362.13 5854.78 0.5000 43.75 254.91 260.11 4230.03 308.43 314.72 4999.78 356.30 363.58 5542.80 0.5714 50.00 231.15 235.87 3561.49 297.79 303.87 4497.37 355.24 362.49 5206.50 0.6429 56.25 196.76 200.78 2795.71 272.62 278.18 3849.10 344.60 351.64 4756.76 0.7143 62.50 152.80 155.92 1961.05 234.69 239.48 3087.39 319.08 325.59 4144.94 0.7857 68.75 101.75 103.83 1089.92 185.41 189.19 2240.58 278.66 284.35 3399.42 0.8571 75.00 45.38 46.31 218.79 128.33 130.95 1357.32 225.48 230.08 2560.71 0.9286 81.25 65.59 66.92 672.58 162.73 166.05 1669.32 1.0000 87.50 93.60 95.51 769.83 表 6 不同巡航阶段飞机巡航速度与需用推力
Table 6. Aircraft cruise speed and required thrust at different cruise stages
巡航工况 质量/
kg飞机
升阻比巡航速度/
(m/s)需用推力/
N工况1 2900 15.16 85.66 1875.08 工况2 2800 15.16 84.17 1810.43 工况3 2700 15.16 82.65 1745.77 工况4 2600 15.16 81.11 1681.11 工况5 2500 15.16 79.53 1616.45 工况6 2400 15.16 77.93 1551.79 表 7 飞机质量为2 900 kg、巡航速度为85.66 m/s时的进距比
Table 7. Advance ratio at an aircraft weight of
2900 kg and a cruise speed of 85.66 m/s参数 螺旋桨转速/(r/min) 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2500 发动机转速/
(r/min)减速比为1.7 1700 2040 2380 2720 3060 3400 3740 4080 4250 减速比为2.0 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000 4400 4800 5000 减速比为2.3 2300 2760 3220 3680 4140 4600 5060 5520 5750 进距比 2.4474 2.0395 1.7482 1.5296 1.3597 1.2237 1.1125 1.0198 0.9790 表 8 飞行质量为2 900 kg、巡航速度为85.66 m/s时的匹配参数
Table 8. Matching parameters at a flight weight of
2900 kg and a cruise speed of 85.66 m/s参数 桨叶角/(°) 38 36 34 32 30 匹配螺旋桨转速/(r/min) 1550 1630 1720 1820 1940 进距比 1.5790 1.5015 1.4229 1.3447 1.2616 螺旋桨特性数据 CP 0.2316 0.1992 0.1691 0.1417 0.1194 CT 0.1318 0.1195 0.1071 0.0950 0.0851 η 0.8991 0.9008 0.9013 0.9002 0.8965 螺旋桨需用功率/kW 178.63 178.30 178.21 178.41 179.16 螺旋桨提供推拉力/N 1902.41 1908.07 1903.28 1890.41 1923.93 螺旋桨输入轴功率/kW 181.13 181.43 180.88 179.65 183.31 发动机输出轴功率/kW 208.61 208.95 208.32 206.91 211.11 发动机转速/
(r/min)减速比2.0 3100 3260 3440 3640 3880 减速比2.3 3565 3749 3956 4186 4462 减速比2.5 3875 4075 4300 4550 4850 燃油消耗率/
(kg/(kW·h))减速比2.0 功率无法达到 功率无法达到 0.285 0.288 0.291 减速比2.3 0.285 0.290 0.290 0.288 0.289 减速比2.5 0.290 0.289 0.288 0.288 0.293 η/C
1/(kg/(kW·h))减速比2.0 功率无法达到 功率无法达到 3.1625 3.1257 3.0808 减速比2.3 3.1547 3.1062 3.1079 3.1257 3.1021 减速比2.5 3.1003 3.1170 3.1295 3.1257 3.0597 表 9 不同巡航工况下的最佳螺旋桨桨叶角、发动机转速及功率点匹配参数
Table 9. Optimal propeller blade angles, engine speeds, and power point matching parameters for different cruise stages
工况
编号质量/
kg速度/
(m/s)需用
推力/N桨叶角/
(°)螺旋桨转速/
(r/min)进距比 螺旋桨
推力/N发动机
转速/(r/min)发动机
功率/kW减速比 (η/C)/
(kg/(kW·h))1 2900 85.66 1875.08 34 1720 1.4229 1903.28 3440 208.32 2.0 3.1625 2 2800 84.17 1810.43 36 1600 1.5030 1843.91 3200 198.07 2.0 3.2280 3 2700 82.65 1745.77 36 1570 1.5041 1761.06 3140 185.97 2.0 3.2887 4 2600 81.11 1681.11 38 1470 1.5765 1717.38 2940 178.43 2.0 3.3413 5-1 2500 79.53 1616.45 38 1440 1.5780 1644.33 2880 167.46 2.3 3.4577 5-2 2500 79.53 1616.45 34 1600 1.4202 1656.59 3200 168.40 2.0 3.3487 6 2400 77.93 1551.79 38 1410 1.5791 1573.81 2820 157.02 2.0 3.4853 表 10 最佳螺旋桨桨叶角、发动机转速匹配下的巡航航程及航时
Table 10. Cruise range and flight time under the matching of optimal propeller blade angle and engine speed
巡航工况 质量/kg 巡航速度/(m/s) 桨叶角/(°) (η/C)/
(kg/(kW·h))航程/km 航时/h 工况1 2900 85.66 34 3.1625 618.02 2.00 工况2 2800 84.17 36 3.2280 653.77 2.16 工况3 2700 82.65 36 3.2887 691.20 2.32 工况4 2600 81.11 38 3.3413 729.80 2.50 工况5 2500 79.53 34 3.3487 761.28 2.66 工况6 2400 77.93 38 3.4853 826.06 2.94 合计 4280.15 14.59 表 11 固定桨叶角34°不同巡航工况的转速、功率匹配及航程、航时
Table 11. Speed, power matching, flight range and time for different cruise stages with a fixed blade angle of 34°
工况
编号质量/
kg巡航
速度/(m/s)需用
推力/N桨叶角/
(°)螺旋桨
转速/(r/min)螺旋桨
推力/N发动机
转速/(r/min)发动机
功率/kW(η/C)/
(kg/(kW·h))航程/
km航时/
h1 2900 85.66 1875.08 34 1720 1903.28 3440 208.32 3.1625 618.02 2.00 2 2800 84.17 1810.43 34 1690 1837.19 3380 197.59 3.1961 647.31 2.14 3 2700 82.65 1745.77 34 1660 1774.23 3320 187.38 3.2301 678.89 2.28 4 2600 81.11 1681.11 34 1630 1713.63 3260 177.62 3.2887 718.32 2.46 5 2500 79.53 1616.45 34 1600 1656.59 3200 168.40 3.3487 761.28 2.66 6 2400 77.93 1551.79 34 1560 1551.10 3120 154.39 3.4560 819.12 2.92 合计 4242.94 14.46 表 12
7000 m高空桨叶角38°不同巡航工况的转速与功率匹配Table 12. speed and power matching at
7000 meters altitude with 38° blade angle for different cruise stages巡航工况 螺旋桨吸收
功率/kW发动机
功率/kW发动机
转速/(r/min)缸内平均
有效压力/MPa飞行质量/kg 巡航速度/(m/s) 2900 118.20 250.60 255.71 4280 1.156 2800 116.15 236.27 241.09 4200 1.111 2700 114.05 222.66 227.20 4120 1.067 2600 111.92 209.67 213.95 4040 1.025 2500 109.75 197.32 201.35 3960 0.984 2400 107.53 185.61 189.40 3880 0.945 表 13 不同巡航工况的增压参数
Table 13. Boost parameters for different cruise stages
巡航工况 空气流量/
(kg/s)增压后密度/
(kg/m3)压比 增压后
压力/MPa增压后
温度/℃目标进气
温度/℃飞行质量/kg 巡航速度/(m/s) 2 900 118.20 0.293 1.204 3.39 0.129 103.60 ≤50 2 800 116.15 0.276 1.157 3.19 0.121 95.54 2 700 114.05 0.260 1.111 2.99 0.114 87.60 2 600 111.92 0.245 1.067 2.81 0.107 79.73 2 500 109.75 0.231 1.025 2.64 0.101 71.96 2 400 107.53 0.217 0.984 2.48 0.094 64.32 表 14 不同巡航工况点的压气机折合流量
Table 14. Corrected air flow of the compressor for different cruise stages
巡航工况 压比 空气流量/
(kg/s)单级压气机折合
空气流量/(kg/s)两级并联单个压气机
折合空气流量/(kg/s)飞行质量/kg 巡航速度/(m/s) 2 900 118.20 3.39 0.293 0.656 0.328 2 800 116.15 3.19 0.276 0.619 0.310 2 700 114.05 2.99 0.260 0.583 0.292 2 600 111.92 2.81 0.245 0.549 0.275 2 500 109.75 2.64 0.231 0.517 0.259 2 400 107.53 2.48 0.217 0.486 0.243 -
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