航空燃料的多元替代路径：SAF、氨与氢燃料的发展现状

于锦禄; 陈光霞; 康展恺; 张保文; 刘洋; 张磊; 赵兵兵

doi:10.13224/j.cnki.jasp.20250469

航空燃料的多元替代路径：SAF、氨与氢燃料的发展现状

doi: 10.13224/j.cnki.jasp.20250469

空军工程大学航空动力系统与等离子体技术全国重点实验室，西安市 710038

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（52306123）；博士后基金（2023M734277）

详细信息

作者简介:
于锦禄（1981−-），男，教授，博士，主要从事航空发动机燃烧技术研究。E-mail：smartaeroengine@163.com

通讯作者:
陈光霞（2001-），女，硕士生，主要从事航空发动机燃烧技术研究。E-mail：m18869099462@163.com

中图分类号: V231.2
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-10-15
- 网络出版日期: 2026-04-24

Multifaceted alternative paths for aviation fuels: current developments in SAF, ammonia and hydrogen fuels

National Key Lab of Aerospace Power Systems and Plasma Technology，Air Force Engineering University，Xi’an 710038，China

摘要

摘要:
随着航空业的快速发展，使用传统航空煤油引发的环境问题日益严峻，发展航空替代燃料已成为应对全球气候变化、减少温室气体排放、保障能源安全，并推动航空业可持续发展的战略选择。综述了可持续航空燃料（SAF）、氨燃料和氢燃料3种具有较高应用前景的航空替代燃料，系统梳理了燃料的基本物化特性、制备路径与减排效益。针对SAF在商业航班中已实现50%掺混比的应用现状、氨燃料面临的燃烧组织困难，以及氢燃料受储运技术制约的现实，综合分析了三种燃料在经济性、技术成熟度、基础设施适配性及供应链构建等方面的现实制约。提出航空动力的发展重点：优先推进SAF与现有航空装备的融合应用，强化氢、氨燃料在燃烧性能与储运安全方面的技术攻关，稳步拓展其在商业航班中的规模化应用。建议加强政策引导，深化跨行业协同创新，推动燃料与动力技术融合演进，逐步构建覆盖原料获取、制备转化、储运支撑与终端应用的绿色航空能源体系，实现航空业低碳、高质量发展。
- 航空替代燃料 /
- 可持续航空燃料（SAF） /
- 氨燃料 /
- 氢燃料 /
- 航空动力
Abstract:
The rapid development of the aviation industry has exacerbated the environmental problems associated with traditional aviation kerosene. Developing aviation alternative fuel has become a strategic choice to address global climate change, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, ensure energy security, and promote sustainable development of the aviation industry. Three aviation alternative fuels with high application prospects, namely sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), ammonia fuel, and hydrogen fuel, were reviewed. The basic physicochemical properties, preparation pathways, and emission reduction benefits of the fuels were systematically sorted out. The application of Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) in commercial flights reached a 50% mixing ratio. However, ammonia combustion faced organization challenges, and hydrogen was constrained by storage and transport. This study comprehensively analyzed the practical constraints of these three fuels regarding economy, technology maturity, infrastructure adaptability, and supply chain development. The following development priorities of aviation power were proposed: prioritizing the integration and application of SAF with existing aviation equipment, strengthening the technological research and development of hydrogen and ammonia fuels in combustion performance and storage and transportation safety, and steadily expanding their large-scale application in commercial flights. It is suggested to strengthen policy guidance, deepen cross industry collaborative innovation, and promote the integration and evolution of fuel and power technologies. This will help gradually build a green aviation energy system covering raw material acquisition, preparation and transformation, storage and transportation support, and terminal applications, thereby achieving low-carbon and high-quality development of the aviation industry.
- aviation alternative fuel /
- sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) /
- ammonia fuel /
- hydrogen fuel /
- aviation power

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图 1 4种主要工艺流程

Figure 1. Four main technological processes

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图 2 SAF与传统航煤掺混^[25]

Figure 2. SAF blended with conventional aviation kerosene^[25]

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图 3 氨与甲烷、氢气混合对燃烧特性的影响^[41]

Figure 3. Effects of ammonia mixing with methane and hydrogen on combustion characteristics

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图 4 氢涡轮发动机推进原理^[89]

Figure 4. Propulsion principle of hydrogen turbine engine^[89]

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图 5 氢燃料电池推进原理^[89]

Figure 5. Propulsion principle of hydrogen fuel cell^[89]

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图 6 SAF认证流程^[111]

Figure 6. SAF certification process^[111]

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表 1 ASTM批准的9种SAF生产工艺路线^[13]

Table 1. 9 ASTM-approved SAF production pathways^[13]

ASTM标准	技术路线	原料	最高掺混比/%
ASTM D7566	FT-SPK	农林废弃物、城市固体废弃物	50
ASTM D7566	HEFA-SPK	废弃油脂及其他油脂生物质	50
ASTM D7566	HFS-SIP	甘蔗、蔗糖等糖类	10
ASTM D7566	FT-SPK/A	农林废弃物、城市固体废弃物、能源作物等	50
ASTM D7566	ATJ-SPK	玉米、甘蔗、木质纤维素等生物质、工业废气	50
ASTM D7566	CHJ	大豆油、茶花油、亚麻荠油等	50
ASTM D7566	HC-HEFA-SPK	藻类	10
ASTM D1655	Co-processed-HEFA	废弃油脂、其他油基生物质与原油	5
ASTM D1655	Co-processed-FT	农林废弃物、城市固体废物与原油	5

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表 2 SAF研究进展^[31-34]

Table 2. SAF research progress^[31-34]

机构	研究进展
空客	在装配LEAP-1A发动机的A319neo飞机进行了单发使用100% SAF的飞行测试，整个过程持续3 h，确保飞机在开展进一步飞行测试时能满足相关的安全和性能要求。
Rolls Royce	在其全部在产民用航空发动机上，完成了100% SAF兼容性测试，并已建成“超扇”（UltraFan）技术演示机，于2023年使用100%SAF进行首次试飞。
普惠	在Praetor 600飞机上，使用100%SAF，完成跨大西洋飞行试验，标志着SAF应用的可行性。
赛峰	通过风洞测试，验证了100%SAF应用于航空发动机中，在燃油效率和排放控制方面的潜力
Neste	SAF年产量达150万吨，计划到2026年，进一步扩大至220万吨。
霍尼韦尔	霍尼韦尔聚焦于乙醇制喷气燃料技术，该技术生产的SAF已进入商业化阶段。
Shell	壳牌在荷兰建造的大型生物燃料工厂，于2024年开始生产，2025年SAF的年产量达200万吨。预计到 2030年，壳牌全球航空燃料销售额中，至少10%是SAF。
中石化	建成万吨级HEFA生产线，已用于商业航班。

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表 3 SAF推广应用的相关政策^[36-38]

Table 3. Policies related to SAF outreach applications^[36-38]

政策名称	发布机关	主要内容
《可再生能源指令》	欧盟	强制设定航空燃料中SAF的掺混目标：2025年达到2%， 2030年提高至6%，2050年进一步提升至70%‎^[36]。
《航空气候行动计划》	美国联邦航空局	通过税收减免和财政补贴，促进SAF规模化生产与应用，设定减排目标以推动技术创新‎^[37]。
“Jet Zero”战略	英国交通部	承诺到2030年实现SAF在航空燃料中至少占比10%， 2040年实现国内航空净零排放‎^[37]。
《“十四五”民航绿色发展专项规划》	中国民航局	力争2025年SAF消费量达到2万吨以上， “十四五”期间累计消费5万吨‎^[38]。
《“十四五”可再生能源发展规划》	国家发改委、能源局等	大力发展非粮生物质液体燃料。支持生物柴油、生物航空煤油等领域先进技术装备研发和推广应用。

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表 4 3种制氨路线的对比^[45-50]

Table 4. Comparison of three ammonia production routes^[45-50]

参数	热催化法	等离子体法	电催化法
能量输入形式	热能	电能（等离子体放电）	电能（电化学还原）
反应条件	高温高压（400～600 ℃，15～40 MPa）	常温常压（25～100 ℃，0.1MPa）	常温常压（25～80 ℃，0.1 MPa）
工艺流程	多级反应塔+高压压缩	等离子体反应器+吸附分离	膜电极电解槽电解
优点	制氨效率高	快速启动，无需高温预热	能耗低、无污染
缺点	催化剂在高温下易失活，需定期更换，维护成本高	能量效率低，技术成熟度不足	技术成本高，产量受可再生能源发电水平波动

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表 5 氨燃料的研究进展^[58-61]

Table 5. research progress of ammonia fuel^[58-61]

机构	研究进展
Raytheon Technologies	研发零碳氨动力涡电混合动力系统，已完成氨燃料的安全处理与材料兼容性试验，并在FT4000航改燃气轮机中，验证了使用氨氢混合燃料的可行性。
NASA	完成了氨-氢燃料混合物在航空发动机燃烧室中的点火试验，验证了氨燃料在高空低压环境下的燃烧特性，为未来氨燃料商用化奠定了基础。
Reaction Engines	将在火箭发动机上开发的先进换热技术、高效氨催化裂解技术整合，完成了航空氨动力系统测试，2035年前有望实现商业运营。
空客	正在探索氨燃料作为未来航空燃料的可行性，发现氨燃料的使用，可以在飞行过程中实现CO₂零排放，显著降低对传统航空煤油的依赖。
哈尔滨工业大学	提出了利用氨燃料在航空发动机中进行热能回收的概念，证明氨燃料可以在保持发动机推力的同时，显著提升整体系统效率。

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表 6 两种氢推进技术对比^[82-85]

Table 6. Comparison of two hydrogen propulsion technologies^[82-85]

比较项目	氢涡轮发动机推进	氢燃料电池推进
工作方式	氢燃料燃烧推动涡轮做功	燃料电池将氢气和氧气转化为电能驱动电机，使风扇旋转产生推力
效率	40%左右	45%～50%
排放	减少对环境的影响，实现“零碳”排放，存在NOx和水蒸气排放	对环境影响最小化，无CO₂、CO、NOx、SOx、烟尘等排放，有水蒸气排出
优势	实现“零碳”排放，推进系统与传统飞机非常相似，与当前航空航天供应链更兼容	真正实现“零”排放，比氢气燃烧效率高20%～40%
劣势	需要重新设计现有的飞机结构，以适应氢燃料油箱所需的额外体积	需要对飞机进行重新设计，以适应推进系统和新的电力系统

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表 7 氢燃料的研究进展^{[88, 93-100]}

Table 7. Research progress of hydrogen fuel^{[88, 93-100]}

研究机构	项目名称	研究内容
空客	ZEROe计划	开发全球首架零排放商用飞机，以液氢为燃料‎^[93]。
普惠	HySIITE	将氢涡轮动力与蒸汽注入/回收系统进行集成‎^[94]。
罗罗公司	CAVENDISH	氢燃料发动机结构设计和氢动力飞机与发动机一体化设计‎^[95]。
赛峰		在轻型氢燃料涡桨发动机TP-R90上，完成了地面验证试验，验证了液氢涡轮发动机的可行性^‎[96]。
环球氢能（Universal Hydrogen）公司		基于冲-8-300型支线客机，改装的氢燃料电池电推验证机成功首飞‎^[97]。
中国航天科技集团有限公司		氢制取/液氢生产和存储、轻质高效液氢燃料储运装置‎^[88]。
中国商用飞机有限责任公司		试飞了采用氢燃料电池为主、锂电池为辅的混合动力小型涡桨飞机^‎[98]。
辽宁通用航空研究院		研制出世界上第一台四座级氢内燃飞机的样机RX4HE。并于 2024年1月顺利完成首飞任务‎^[99]。
中国科学院大连化学物理研究所		航空用质子交换膜燃料电池电源系统^‎[100]。

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表 8 SAF、氨、氢燃料优劣对比

Table 8. Comparison of advantages and disadvantages of SAF、ammonia and hydrogen fuels

对比项	SAF	氨燃料	氢燃料
体积能量密度（MJ/L）	33～35	11.5～13.6	8.4～10.1
制备技术成熟度	成熟，已投入使用	实验室阶段	原型机阶段
制备成本	高	较高（绿电、催化剂）	较高（绿电、电解槽）
储运安全性	最佳（与航煤相似）	有毒、腐蚀风险	易发生“氢脆”
能量转换效率	一般	高	高
认证体系	较为完善（ASTM）	缺失	初步框架

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