超声速气流中激波诱导液滴变形/破碎过程及机理综述

邓光洲; 杨顺华; 王艳华; 谢迅; 刘二伟

doi:10.13224/j.cnki.jasp.20250512

超声速气流中激波诱导液滴变形/破碎过程及机理综述

doi: 10.13224/j.cnki.jasp.20250512

邓光洲^{1, 2,},
杨顺华^2,*, ,,
王艳华¹,
谢迅^{2, 3},
刘二伟²

1.
哈尔滨工程大学动力与能源工程学院哈尔滨 150001
2.
北京流体动力科学研究中心北京 100011
3.
中南大学航空航天技术研究院长沙 410083

基金项目: 北京流体动力科学研究中心资助

详细信息

作者简介:
邓光洲（1997-），男，博士生，主要从事超燃冲压发动机燃料雾化及燃烧研究。E-mail：572159721@qq.com

通讯作者:
杨顺华（1976-），男，研究员、博士生导师，博士，主要从事超燃冲压发动机总体研究。E-mail：ysh_cardc @126.com

中图分类号: V231.3
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-11-07
- 网络出版日期: 2026-09-30

Review of droplet deformation and breakup in supersonic flow induced by shock waves

Deng Guangzhou^{1, 2
,},
Yang Shunhua^{2,*
, ,},
Wang Yanhua¹,
Xie Xun^{2, 3},
Liu Erwei²

1.
College of Power and Energy Engineering，Harbin Engineering University，Harbin 150001，China
2.
Beijing Aerohydrodynamic Research Center，Beijing 100011，China
3.
Research Institute of Aerospace Technology，Central South University，Changsha 410083，China

摘要

摘要:
从液滴破碎动力学及两相物性影响、液滴近场激波系特征、湍流结构演化、液滴内部流动以及数值模拟方法研究等方面，综述了近年来超声速气流中激波诱导液滴变形/破碎的主要研究进展。相关研究主要集中在两相物性参数对破碎模式的影响规律、激波与液滴相互作用形成的复杂波系及其作用特征、湍流演化对液滴界面不稳定及破碎过程的调控作用等方面。认为激波诱导液滴破碎是气动力、界面不稳定性及湍流共同作用的复杂多尺度过程，但当前关于激波、湍流等因素对液滴破碎影响的研究仍停留在定性阶段。未来研究应以跨尺度高精度数值方法为基础，进一步加强激波与湍流对液滴破碎影响的定量表征，并实现激波与湍流对液滴破碎影响的解耦分析。
- 液滴破碎 /
- 超声速流动 /
- 激波 /
- 湍流 /
- 多液滴
Abstract:
Recent research progress on shock-induced droplet deformation and breakup in supersonic flows was reviewed from the perspectives of droplet breakup dynamics and two-phase physical property effects, near-field shock structures around droplets, turbulence evolution, internal droplet flow, and numerical simulation methods. Existing relevant studies mainly focused on the influences of two-phase physical parameters on breakup modes, the complex shock-wave systems formed during shock–droplet interactions and their characteristics, and the regulatory effects of turbulence evolution on interfacial instability and droplet breakup processes. It is generally recognized that shock-induced droplet breakup is a complex multiscale process jointly governed by aerodynamic forces, interfacial instabilities, and turbulence. However, current studies on the effects of shock waves, turbulence, and related factors on droplet breakup remain largely at a qualitative stage. Future research should be based on cross-scale high-fidelity numerical methods to further strengthen the quantitative characterization of the effects of shock waves and turbulence on droplet breakup and to achieve the decoupling analysis of their respective influences on the breakup process.
- droplet breakup /
- supersonic flow /
- shock waves /
- turbulence /
- multiple droplets

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图 1 雾化过程^[12]

Figure 1. Atomization process^[12]

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图 2 液滴破碎模式^[20]

Figure 2. Droplet breakup regimes^[20]

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图 3 液滴破碎中的RT穿孔破碎模拟图像^[18]

Figure 3. Simulated images of RT piercing breakup during droplet breakup^[18]

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图 4 基于尺寸比的破碎转变^[32]

Figure 4. Breakup transition based on size ratio^[32]

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图 5 不稳定波实验图像^[32]

Figure 5. Experimental image of instability waves^[32]

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图 6 液滴破碎阈值随Oh变化^[41]

Figure 6. Droplet breakup threshold as a function of Oh^[41]

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图 7 正激波进化^[32]

Figure 7. Normal shock wave evolution^[32]

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图 8 激波影响的液滴变形过程

Figure 8. Droplet deformation process affected by shock waves

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图 9 液滴变形的近场压力云图^[19]

Figure 9. Near-field pressure contour of droplet deformation^[19]

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图 10 层流/湍流状态下液滴变形对比^[94]

Figure 10. Comparison of droplet deformation under laminar/turbulent flow conditions^[94]

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图 11 湍流大小对液滴变形的影响对比^[94]

Figure 11. Comparison of the effects of turbulence scale on droplet deformation^[94]

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图 12 非对称气团扫掠速度云图^[94]

Figure 12. Velocity contour of asymmetric airflow sweeping^[94]

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图 13 激波冲击后液滴尾流区涡量云图^[19]

Figure 13. Vorticity contour of the droplet wake region after shock wave impact

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图 14 尾流涡旋^[60]

Figure 14. Wake vortices^[60]

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图 15 液滴表面应力分布^[119]

Figure 15. Droplet surface stress distribution^[119]

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图 16 尾流卡门涡街^[22]

Figure 16. Wake Kármán vortex street^[22]

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图 17 液滴变形时间随Oh变化曲线^[36]

Figure 17. Droplet deformation time curve as a function of Oh

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图 18 液滴总破碎时间随We和Oh变化曲线^[40]

Figure 18. Total droplet breakup time curve as a function of We and Oh^[40]

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图 19 液滴前后缘变形流动统计^[62]

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图 20 第二奇异位置^[62]

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图 21 模拟与势流理论对比^[62]

Figure 21. Deformation flow statistics of droplet leading and trailing edges^[62] Fig.20 Second singular position^[62] Fig.21 Comparison between simulation and potential flow theory^[62]

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表 1 自适应加密方法对比

Table 1. Comparison of adaptive mesh refinement methods

对比项目	数值误差估计	流场特征捕捉	几何结构检测
驱动因素	计算误差最小化	流场特征识别	界面追踪
适用对象	通用	关键变量较多的流动	仅关注几何界面
计算难度	较高	较低	适中
代表性方法	Richardson外推误差^[148]、伴随误差^[149]、小波系数误差^[150]等	密度梯度^[31]、Q准则^[151]、界面不稳定^[152]等	相场梯度^[153]、细长结构^[154]、各向异性^[155]等

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表 2 控制方程对比

Table 2. Comparison of governing equations

对比项目	传统N-S方程	五方程扩散界面模型	七方程模型
基本假设	瞬态平衡假设	瞬态平衡假设	趋向平衡假设
控制方程	连续性方程、动量方程、能量方程、界面输运方程	两相连续性方程、混合动量方程、混合物能量方程、相分数输运方程	两相连续性、动量方程、能量方程、相分数演化方程
计算效率	适中	较高	较低
优势	界面几何精度高、通用性强	效率与精度兼具、易于实现高阶格式	物理解释完备、通用性强

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表 3 界面追踪方法对比

Table 3. Comparison of interface tracking methods

对比项目	显式界面追踪	隐式界面追踪
基本原理	用离散标记点直接追踪界面，标记点随流体做拉格朗日运动	在固定欧拉网格上定义标量函数（如体积分数α），界面由函数等值面隐式确定
主要优势	界面锐利无数值扩散、几何信息精确	自动处理界面拓扑变化、网格规则便于并行
主要劣势	拓扑变化处理困难、大变形时标记点存在畸变、对激波诱导的流动精度较差	存在数值扩散/几何界面精度相对较低
计算效率	中小规模效率高、大规模并行困难	计算效率高、网格结构规则、易于并行优化
代表性方法	front-tracking、SPH	VOF、level-set、phase-field

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