爆轰波形成机理及应用研究进展

陈祥; 白宇航; 贺瑞; 罗建斌; 郭明军; 冯磊

doi:10.13224/j.cnki.jasp.20260070

爆轰波形成机理及应用研究进展

doi: 10.13224/j.cnki.jasp.20260070

陈祥^{1, 2, 3,},
白宇航¹,
贺瑞¹,
罗建斌¹,
郭明军¹,
冯磊³

1.
广西科技大学机械与汽车工程学院，广西柳州 545006
2.
上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院，上海 200240
3.
柳州赛克科技发展有限公司，柳州 545006

基金项目: 广西科技大学博士基金（校科博22Z33）；广西自然科学基金（2026GXNSFBA00640428）；广西高校中青年教师科研基础能力提升项目（2025KY0346）

详细信息

作者简介:
陈祥（1991-），男，助理研究员，博士生，主要研究方向爆震燃烧。E-mail：chenxiang344@163.com

中图分类号: V231
计量
- 文章访问数: 135
- HTML浏览量: 121
- PDF量: 9
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2026-02-09
- 网络出版日期: 2026-04-18

Progress of research on the formation mechanism and application of detonation waves

1.
School of Mechanical and Automobile Engineering，Guangxi University of Science and Technology，Liuzhou Guangxi 545006，China
2.
School of Mechanical and Power Engineering，Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
3.
Liuzhou Saike Science and Technology Development Co.，Ltd，Liuzhou 545006，Guangxi，China

摘要

摘要:
快速短距触发爆轰波是在不同相态燃料中实现高效起爆的关键，详细综述了不同起爆方式和不同相态燃料起爆性能的最新研究进展，并分析了爆轰管、激波聚焦、激光起爆和间接起爆等起爆方式的优点与局限性，以及在不同燃料体系中，气态燃料活性高易起爆，液态燃料能量密度高但起爆困难。目前，爆轰波研究实验和数值模拟方面成果显著，但仍面临火焰控制难、结构设计待优化、工况适应性不足等挑战。未来应深入探究多物理场耦合机制，开发新型障碍物，优化点火，拓展其在新型动力系统中的应用。
- 爆轰波 /
- 直接起爆 /
- 间接起爆 /
- 气态燃料 /
- 液态燃料
Abstract:
Rapid short-range detonation initiation is key to achieving efficient ignition in fuels of different phases. This paper provides a detailed review of the latest research progress on various ignition methods and the ignition performance of fuels in different phases. It analyzes the advantages and limitations of ignition methods such as detonation tubes, shock wave focusing, laser ignition, and indirect ignition. Furthermore, it notes that in different fuel systems, gaseous fuels are highly reactive and easy to ignite, while liquid fuels possess high energy density but are difficult to ignite. Currently, significant achievements have been made in both experimental and numerical simulations of detonation waves; however, challenges remain, including difficult flame control, structural design requiring optimization, and insufficient adaptability to operating conditions. Future efforts should focus on in-depth investigation of multi-physics coupling mechanisms, the development of novel obstacles, optimization of ignition, and the expansion of their applications in new propulsion systems.
- detonation wave /
- directly initiation /
- Indirect detonation /
- gaseous fuels /
- liquid fuels

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图 1 爆轰波形成机理^{[1,3,4,7,17,24,43,49,70,72,79,108,111,119,121]}

Figure 1. Mechanism of detonation wave formation^{[1,3,4,7,17,24,43,49,70,72,79,108,111,119,121]}

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图 2 爆轰波两侧参数

Figure 2. Parameters on both sides of the blast wave

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图 3 Hugoniot曲线与Rayleigh线^[10]

Figure 3. Hugoniot curve with Rayleigh line^[10]

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图 4 ZND模型^[10]

Figure 4. ZND model^[10]

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图 5 爆轰管起爆结构示意图^[17]

Figure 5. Schematic diagram of detonator ignition structure^[17]

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图 6 环形燃烧室内初始爆轰波传播过程的温度云图^[1]

Figure 6. Localized stress curve of the blast wave from the blast tube into the combustion chamber^[1]

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图 7 密度轮廓不稳定特征与准爆轰前沿的再起爆过程^[17]

Figure 7. Unstable features in the density profile and the restart process of the quasi-detonation front^[17]

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图 8 障碍物-预爆轰管不同距离爆轰波传播温度云图^[27]

Figure 8. Temperature contour map of detonation wave propagation at different distances from obstacles to the pre-detonation tube outlet^[27]

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图 9 激波对撞后压力和温度云图^[30]

Figure 9. Pressure and temperature contour plots after shock wave collision^[30]

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图 10 不同入射激波强度下，60°、90°楔形反射器激波聚焦性能的比较^[2]

Figure 10. Comparison of shock wave focusing performance for 60° and 90° wedge reflectors under different incident shock wave intensities^[2]

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图 11 在Mi=2.6时，CCM、PARA、SEMI反射器中的温度、OH质量分数和数值纹影演变^[43]

Figure 11. Evolution of temperature, OH mass fraction, and numerical schlieren in CCM, PARA, and SEMI reflectors at Mi=2.6^[43]

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图 12 激波在凹腔面中的反射、聚焦过程（a：0 mm，b：5 mm，c：10 mm，d：15 mm）^[44]

Figure 12. Reflection and focusing process of shock waves in concave cavity surfaces （a: 0 mm, b: 5 mm, c: 10 mm, d: 15 mm）^[44]

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图 13 S型壁面弯曲爆震发动机示意图^[49]

Figure 13. Schematic diagram of S-wall bending burst engine^[49]

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图 14 双点激光点火起爆过程^[55]

Figure 14. Dual-point laser ignition and detonation process^[55]

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图 15 点火过程示意图^[3]

Figure 15. Schematic diagram of the ignition process^[3]

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图 16 起爆结构温度云图^[66]

Figure 16. Temperature contour map of shock wave initiation structure^[66]

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图 17 障碍物结构形式^[4]

Figure 17. Forms of obstacle structures^[4]

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图 18 激波在充满气态反应混合物的管线盘管中传播过程中压力等值面的三张连续快照^[70]

Figure 18. Three consecutive snapshots of pressure contour surfaces during shock propagation in a gas-filled reaction mixture within a pipe coil^[70]

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图 19 两种障碍物排布方式下的起爆过程^[72]

Figure 19. Detonation process with two types of obstacle^[72]

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图 20 障碍物形式^[79]

Figure 20. Obstacle forms^[79]

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图 21 弯段半径分别为35、55、75 mm起爆云图^[89]

Figure 21. Explosive cloud of 35, 55 and 75 mm radius of the curved section, respectively^[89]

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图 22 不同填充速度火焰发展过程^[108]

Figure 22. Flame development process for different filling speeds^[108]

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图 23 氢气和空气的混合过程^[111]

Figure 23. Hydrogen and air mixing process^[111]

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图 24 NH₃/H₂/O₂混合物温度分布的云图^[112]

Figure 24. Contour plots of temperature distribution for NH₃/H₂/O₂ mixtures^[112]

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图 25 预爆器结构示意图^[119]

Figure 25. Schematic diagram of the structure of the pre-detonator^[119]

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图 26 旋转爆轰发动机起爆过程^[121]

Figure 26. Rotary blast engine detonation process^[121]

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图 27 不同来流总温冷态流场对比^[125]

Figure 27. Comparison of cold flow fields with different incoming total temperatures^[125]

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表 1 直接起爆现象分类^[15]

Table 1. Classification of direct detonation phenomena^[15]

类型	定义
临界起爆	可燃混合物在低点火能量下缓燃，产物膨胀产生的压缩波形成前导激波，加热未燃介质并形成湍流反应区与爆炸中心并通过湍流加快火焰传播，最终形成以C-J速度传播的爆轰波。
亚临界起爆	初始反应阵面与前导激波受稀疏波的影响，并导致衍射解耦，不断衰减。
超临界起爆	初始反应阵面和前导激波耦合，相互促进，直接形成C-J爆轰波。

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表 2 激波聚焦及诱导爆轰方式^[7]

Table 2. Excitation focusing and induced blast methods^[7]

类型	作用机理
平面激波轴向入射	当平面激波轴向入射至凹面腔时，会在凹面腔内聚焦并诱发爆轰。
圆柱面激波绕射	圆柱面激波发生绕射后，会在对称轴上汇聚，进而成功起爆
环形激波聚心碰撞	环形激波与爆轰波进行聚心碰撞，在凹面腔内聚焦并引发爆轰。

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表 3 激光点火方式及原理^[50-51]

Table 3. Laser ignition methods and principles^[50-51]

点火方式	点火原理
激光热点火	在可燃混合气中放置可吸收低能量长波激光的靶材，靠其吸收红外激光引发化学反应点火。该方式点火延迟长、条件受限，但能点燃气、液、固可燃物，尤其适用于易吸收红外激光的火箭固体推进剂等固体燃料。
激光诱导光化学点火	依靠混合气吸收高能光子引发反应点燃混合气，与激光热点火机理相似但有区别，能在低压和接近着火极限时点火，不过因需匹配波长、依赖昂贵不紧凑的紫外激光器，应用受限，尚未广泛推广。
激光诱导谐振分解点火	靶分子或原子先非共振多光子电离分解，产物再共振电离，释放电子引发电子串级过程点燃混合气。该方式比非共振击穿点火能量要求低、效率高，却因激光难获取，导致点火系统昂贵、操作复杂。
激光诱导火花点火	借多光子电离或混合气杂质吸收激光产生电子，经逆轫致辐射生成等离子体，其膨胀形成激波点燃混合气，因波长选择范围宽、易操作且应用广。
激光诱导等离子体点火（LIPI）	LIPI诱导击穿产生高温等离子体点火，无波长匹配问题，电磁干扰风险低，精准控制点火时间和位置，便于多点点火，在流动稀混合气点火时应用范围更广。

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